Nervous System: Subcortical Structures & Cranial Nerves

SLP 5235

What are 4 parts of brain?

1. brainstem

2. cerebellum

3. subcortex

4. cerebral cortex

What are all of the larger, more advanced portions of brain?

cortex

What are 3 parts of brainstem?

1. midbrain

2. pons

3. medulla

What are 5 parts of limbic system?

1. hippocampus

2. hypothalamus

3. amygdala

4. thalamus

5. cingulate gyrus

What part of limbic system does memory consolidation + forming new memories?

hippocampus

What part of limbic system regulates autonomic nervous system + produces hormones, helps you sleep, manages mood, hunger, arousal, BP, temperature, HR?

hypothalamus

What part of limbic system regulates primal emotions, fear, and aggression?

amygdala

What part of limbic system relays sensory and motor info + regulates consciousness + planning?

thalamus

What part of limbic system regulates emotions and behaviors, + connects limbic structures to frontal lobe?

cingulate gyrus

Which subcortical structure is an endocrine structure that regulates hormones?

pituitary gland

Which subcortical structure is an endocrine structure that regulates sleep-wake cycle?

pineal gland

Which subcortical structure controls motor movements?

basal ganglia

Which subcortical structure controls balance?

cerebellum

Which subcortical structure is an axon bridge between limbic structures?

fornix

Which subcortical structure is the largest axon tract in brain + joins 2 cerebral hemispheres?

corpus callosum

What is another name for midbrain?

mesencephalon

What acts as a critical relay center for sensory and motor info, passing signals between forebrain and spinal cord?

midbrain

What processes visual + auditory info, controls eye movements, regulates motor fxns, and plays a role in sleep/wakefulness/pain response?

midbrain

In midbrain, what do superior and inferior colliculi do?

process visual and auditory signals (respectively)

Where is the reticular formation located, and what is it involved in?

midbrain; alertness + regulating vital autonomic fxns

What acts as a relay center for sensory and motor signals between cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord?

pons

What regulates breathing rate and depth, sleep-wae cycles, and autonomic fxns like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion?

pons

Where do 4 cranial nerves (V, VI, VII, VIII) have several key junctions?

pons

What is inferior-most part of brainstem, continuous with spinal cord?

medulla oblongata

What is essential for regulating breathing rate and depth, heart rate and cardiac rhythm, and coordinating reflexes?

medulla (oblongota)

What contains several key junctions for 4 cranial nerves (IX, X, XI, XII)?

medulla

What reflexes does medulla coordinate?

cough, sneeze, swallow, vomit, maintain balance

What is it called when the corticospinal tract crosses over to innervate other side of body, at lowest level of medulla?

pyramidal decussation

What are 3 things reticular formation important for?

1. respiration

2. maintenance of blood pressure

3. consciousness (awareness of environment)

What is a nuclear mass in brainstem extending from midbrain, through mons, to medulla?

reticular formation

Which system helps control emotions and behaviors?

limbic system

Limbic system manages your actions based on ____.

what it learns from your enviornment

What is the main output tract of hippocampus?

fornix

What is especially involved in regulation of episodic memories?

fornix

What is a small, pea-sized endocrine organ located at base of brain?

pituitary gland

What 7 functions does pituitary gland help with?

1. growth and development

2. metabolism

3. reproduction

4. blood pressure

5. water balance

6. lactation

7. stress response

What secretes hormone melatonin?

pineal gland

Whose main job is to help control circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness?

pineal gland

What can approve or reject movement signals that your brain sends, filtering out unnecessary or incorrect signals?

basal ganglia

What also plays significant roles in learning, memory, emotion, and reward-based behaviors?

basal ganglia

What coordinates and fine-tunes voluntary movements, maintains balance, and regulates muscle tone?

cerebellum

What may also be involved in certain cognitive fxns like attn, emotion, and social behavior?

cerebellum

Do cranial nerves stay on one side of body?

yes, already have divided at pyramidal decussation (no crossing over)

What is CN I?

olfactory

What is CN II?

optic

What is CN III?

oculomotor

What are functions of CN III oculomotor?

motor; parasympathetic (constriction of pupil, movement of lens)

What is CN IV?

trochlear

What is CN V?

trigeminal

What is CN VI?

abducens

What is CN VII?

facial

What is CN VIII?

vestibulocochlear (auditory vestibular)

What is CN IX?

glossopharyngeal

What is CN X?

vagus

What is CN XI?

accessory

What is CN XII?

hypoglossal

Where are receptors for CN I olfactory nerve?

nose/sinuses and back of throat/nose

Where does CN I olfactory nerve originate and pass through?

originates directly from cerebrum —> passes through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone into olfactory bulb

Where does CN II optic originate from and connect to?

originates from cerebrum —> connects to back of each eye/retina

Which nerve helps with looking down at at nose?

CN IV trochlear

What are 3 branches of CN V trigeminal?

1. ophthalmic

2. maxillary

3. mandibular

Which branch of CN V trigeminal does sensory for face/skull near eyelids + parts of nasal cavity?

ophthalmic branch

Which branch of CN V trigeminal does sensory for nasal cavity, sinuses, upper teeth, palate, mid-face + motor for tensor veli palatini?

maxillary branch

Which branch of CN V trigeminal does sensory for inner lining of cheeks, floor of mouth, lower teeth, tongue, skin below mouth + motor for masseter, temporalis, pterygoid m.?

mandibular branch

What does CN VI abducens control?

lateral eye movement

What are sensory responsibilities of CN VII facial?

• taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue

• ear drum and outer ear (pinna)

What are motor responsibilities of CN VII facial?

forehead muscles, helps close eyes, orbicularis oris m., buccinator m., zygomaticus m., depressor labii inferioris m., depressor anguli oris m., mentalis m., inner ear stapedius, chin, corners of mouth (platysma)

What does frontal branch of CN VII facial innervate?

forehead muscles

What does zygomatic branch of CN VII facial innervate?

helps close eyes

What does buccal branch of CN VII facial innervate?

orbicularis oris m., buccinator m., zygomaticus m.

What does marginal mandibular branch of CN VII facial innervate?

depressor labii inferioris m., depressor anguli oris m., mentalis m., inner ear stapedius

What does cervical branch of CN VII facial innervate?

chin, corners of mouth (platysma)

What are parasympathetic fxns of CN VII facial?

• salivary glands

• nasal, palatine, pharyngeal mucus glands

• lacrimal glands

What are 5 branches of CN VII facial?

1. frontal

2. zygomatic

3. buccal

4. marginal mandibular

5. cervical

What does CN VIII vestibulocochlear (auditory-vestibular) control?

impulses from organs of hearing and balance in inner ear to brain

Which CN is responsible for taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue?

CN IX glossopharyngeal

Which CN helps with sensory in soft palate + sense of touch, pain, and temperature from back of oral cavity + upper pharynx?

CN IX glossopharyngeal

Which CN provides motor to stylopharyngeus and superior constrictor (both important for swallowing)?

CN IX glossopharyngeal

What are 4 branches of CN X vagus?

1. auricular branch

2. pharyngeal branch

3. superior laryngeal nerve

4. recurrent laryngeal nerve

Which branch of CN X vagus controls sensation to posterior auditory canal and pinna?

auricular branch

Which branch of CN X vagus controls motor for pharynx and soft palate, palatoglossus?

pharyngeal branch

Which branch of CN X vagus controls external for motor of CT, internal for sensory of laryngopharynx?

superior laryngeal nerve

Which branch of CN X vagus controls all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except CT?

recurrent laryngeal nerve

What are sensory fxns of CN X vagus?

• pain, touch, temperature of ear drum, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, bronchi

• taste for root of tongue and epiglottis

What are motor fxns of CN X vagus?

inferior pharyngeal constrictor, intrinsic laryngeal muscles, palatal muscles (except tensor veli palatini)

Which pharyngeal muscle is NOT innervated by CN X vagus?

tensor veli palatini

Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle is NOT innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve?

cricothyroid (CT)

Which branch of CN X vagus innervates cricothyroid (CT)?

superior laryngeal nerve

Which CN provides motor to SCM (sternocleidomastoid) and trapezius?

CN XI accessory

Which CN provides secondary assistance to vagus for larynx, pharynx, and soft palate?

CN XI accessory

Which nerve provides motor to all extrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles EXCEPT palatoglossus?

CN XII hypoglossal

What is the only tongue muscle NOT innervated by CN XII hypoglossal?

palatoglossus

What innervates palatoglossus muscle?

pharyngeal branch of CN X vagus

What are motor (only) fxns of CN III oculomotor?

• open eyes

• rotate eyes up and down

• focus adjustment

• pupil adjustment

Which CN helps with visual accommodation, scanning eye mvmts, smooth pursuit, vestibulo-ocular reflex, and pupillary light reflex?

CN III oculomotor nerve

What is smoothly following moving objects (visually)?

smooth pursuit

What reflex helps keep your gaze steady even when you experience sharp movements or direction changes?

vestibulo-ocular reflex

What is it when eyes adjust to sudden light changes?

pupillary light reflex