Evolution (Last Quiz)

evolution

the change in the heritable characteristics of a population over time

science

the study of our physical surroundings

100 years

There was no official stance from the Catholic Church about evolution for how many years?

conflict

There is a misconception that there were disagreements between faith and evolution but in reality there was no _____

Pope Pius XII, Pope John Paul II, Pope Benedict, XVI, Pope Francis

Name 4 of the popes who gave explicit statements about evolution

no, only the human body

Does evolution explain the human body and the soul? p

philosophy

the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.

5

How many misconceptions are there about evolution?

Misconception #1

What misconception?
-evolution is just a 'theory'
-evolution is a scientific theory. Scientific theories are not opinions - they are explanations that make sense of thousands of experiments, observations, and facts about the natural world. Evolution is one of the most well-supported theories in all of biology

scientific theory

What kind of theory is evolution?

Misconception #2

What misconception?
-evolution is not a science because it is not observable or testable.
- All scientific hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable. Hypotheses about evolution are no exception and evolutionary biologists are constantly making predictions and testing their hypotheses. There are many types of evidence that could falsify hypotheses about evolution, and if this evidence comes to light, the theory of evolution has to be altered or abandoned.

Misconception #3

What misconception?
-There is a scientific debate concerning the theory of evolution
-Scientists do not currently debate whether evolution took place, but they do argue about how it takes place.
-Details of the processes and mechanisms are vigorously debated.
-Today, debates on how evolution occurs should not be misinterpreted as debates about whether evolution occurs (this debate has already occured). Evolution is sound science (a theory) and is treated accordingly by scientists and scholars worldwide.

Misconception #4

What misconception?
-Evolution is 'random' and organisms change by chance.
- Mutation is a random event and the ultimate source of genetic variation. However, natural selection, the process by which some organisms survive and reproduce and others do not, is not random. Natural selection leads to the evolution of organisms that are better adapted to their environments.

Misconception #5

What misconception?
-Evolution and creation are an either/or explanation for the diversity of life on earth and evolution is incompatible with religions
-There is a continuum of ‘beliefs’ (or understandings) of the origin of the diversity of life we see on the planet today. The majority of modern religions and worldviews have no conflict with the theory of evolution.

Evolution is just a 'theory'

State a small description of misconception #1

evolution is not science because it is not observable or testable

State a small description of misconception #2

there is a scientific debate concerning the theory of evolution

State a small description of misconception #3

how it takes place

Do scientists debate whether evolution actually took place or how it takes place?

evolution is 'random' and organisms change by chance

State a small description of misconception #4

evolution and creation explain the diversity of life on earth and evolution cannot go together with religion

State a small description of misconception #5

mutation

a random event that is the source of genetic variation; this is how new alleles are formed in DNA

no, only in the US

Are there several stances about evolution in other parts of the world?

beliefs

There is a large continuum of ___ about evoluton

Aristotle

He viewed species as fixed; arranged them on a scala naturae (natural scale)

Carolus Linnaeus

He viewed species as fixed; classified organisms (taxonomy) by phenotypic similarities

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

He hypothesized that species could change (evolve); proposed mechanism of 'use and disuse' of body parts; meaning that if an organisms were to use or disuse a body part it could grow or shrink in size

Alfred Russell Wallace and Charles Darwin

These two thought species could change; proposed the mechanism of natural selection driving evolution

A

What was the prevailing belief about the history of life on Earth prior to the time of Darwin (1809-1882)?
A) Earth is a few thousand years old, and species are unchanging.
B) Earth is a few thousand years old, and species gradually change.
C) Earth is millions of years old, and species rapidly change.
D) Earth is millions of years old, and species are unchanging.
E) Earth is millions of years old, and species gradually change.

geology

the study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change g

gradualism

states that the earth changes gradually over time slowly

James Hutton

This man gave the idea of gradualism

uniformitarianism

States that gradual processes have been uniform and have been going on for many years

Charles Lyell

This man gave the idea of uniformitarianism

paleotology

the study of fossils (Georges Cuvier)

economics

social science that studies the processes that govern the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services in an economy

simple exponential growth

this idea studies populations and how they grow exponentially

Thomas Malthus

he gave the idea of simple exponantial growth

T.H. Huxley

-"Darwin's Bulldog"
-The debate on whether evolution occurs

Galapagos islands

These islands are where Darwin found a lot of his key pieces of info and evidence that helped him create his hypothesis of evolution

HMS Beagle

What ship did Darwin ride?

Finches

What were Darwin's animals?

to study their variation in beaks

What did Darwin study about the finches?

members of population often vary in their own traits, the traits are passed down to offspring

What is Darwin's first observation?

all species can produce more offspring than the environment can support

What is Darwin's second observation?

individuals with inherited traits give a higher probability of surviving and reproducing

What was Darwin's first inference?

the unequal ability of individuals to survive leads to an accumulation of favorable traits over time

What was Darwin's 2nd inference?

natural selection

a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

artificial selection

a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are selectively bred by humans

1) The unity of life
2) The diversity of life
3)The match between organisms and their environment

Evolution: the change in the heritable characteristics of a population over time.
‘Descent with modification’
Darwin’s hypothesis of evolution by natural selection explains what three things?

E

Natural selection is based on all of the following except
A) genetic variation exists within populations.
B) the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring.
C) individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young.
D) populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support.
E) individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.

variation within a population, variation is heritable, differences in reproductive success, difference in reproductive success linked to heritable variation within the population

Evolution by natural selection requires what four things?

true

true or false - Evolution can occur over long or short periods of time

yes

Can bacteria and other organisms evolve into having a resistance to antibiotics?

experimental evolution

in this process scientists will make generation after generation to see the changes in the organisms over time

false, we can date fossils from where they are found (top layer, middle layer, bottom layer etc)

True or false - Over time sediments are laid down and animals that have died between the layers are fossilized but there is no way of dating when these organisms were alive or died

large head to body ratio

What is unique to humans?

homology

similarity resulting from common ancestry (sharing of traits in sibilings due to the same parents)

homologous structures

resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor

anatomical, molecular, vestigial, and developmental

What four categories can homology fall under?

evolutionary trees

(phylogenetic trees) are hypotheses about the relationships among different groups

homologous

traits that two organisms share because of their ancestora

analogous

trait that is common to two organisms but because of natural selection

biogeography

the geographic distribution of species

endemic species

species that are not found anywhere else in the world

anatomical

What type of homology?
-When comparing the human arm to other species we can see the same pattern in cats, whales, and bats even though the size differs THE PATTERN REMAINS THE SAME

devlopmental

What type of homology?
- just as a chick embryo looks similar to a human embryo

molecular

What type of homology?
-there is a similarity in the sequences of a human and a chimpanzee; the human chromosome 2 and chimpanzee chromosomes 12 and 13 seem to be very similar (aside from the fact 12 and 13 are not combined)
-Sometimes scientists look at the different types of proteins and how they differ in other organisms

vestigial

What type of homology?
-our jaws shrinking and losing our third set of teeth but there is still a vestige we can see of evidence we had it before
-Tail bone vestige
-Ostrich feather vestige even though they don’t fly

evolution

change over time

biological evolution

'descent with modification'; a change in a populations' heritable characteristics over time

microevolution

change in allele frequencies in a population over time ma

macroevolution

evolutionary change in above the species level

mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection

What are the four mechanisms of evolution that can cause changes in allele frequencies in a population?

mutation

this creates changes in the DNA sequence and new genes and alleles arise by this

sexual reproduction

What else further increases genetic variation aside from mutation?

E

In modern terminology, biological diversity is understood to be a result of genetic variation. Which of the following is a recognized source of genetic variation for evolution?
A) mutation
B) recombination by crossing over in meiosis
C) gene duplication events
D) random fertilization of gametes in sexual reproduction
E) all of the above

population

localized group of individuals capable of inter breeding and producing fertile offspring

gene pool

consists of all alleles for all loci in populationf

fixation

occurs when only a single allele is present in a population at a given locus

p, q

The frequency of an allele in a population can be calculated:
-if there are 2 alleles at a locus, p and q can represent their relative frequencies
– __ equals the relative frequency of dominant allele
- __ equals the relative frequency of a recessive allele `

p+q

The equation of a frequency of all alleles in the population

p^2, 2pq, q^2

The frequency of genotypes in a population can also be calculated (assuming Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium...):
• Homozygous dominant = __
• Heterozygote = ____
• Homozygous recessive = ____

p^2+2pq+q^2

The equation of frequency of all genotypes in a population

Hardy-Weinberg theorem

In a non-evolving population, frequencies of alleles (and genotypes) remain constant from generation to generation

1. No mutations
2. No gene flow
3. No selection
4. Random mating
5. Large population size

What are the 5 conditions for a hardy-weinberg equillibrium

genetic drift

random changes in allele frequencies arising unpredictably from one generation to the next

bottleneck effect

a sudden reduction in population size due to a change in environment

founder effect

occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger populationin

breeding depression

reduced fitness in a given population as a result of inbreedingi

inbreeding

small population size can result in this; breed from closely related people or animals, especially over many generations.ge

gene flow

movement of alleles among populations; transferred thorugh the movement of individuals or gametes; tends to increase genetic similarity between population

D??????

What is true of natural selection?
A) Natural selection is a random process.
B) Natural selection creates beneficial mutations.
C) Natural selection is the only way to eliminate harmful mutations in a population.
D) Mutations occur at random; natural selection can preserve and propagate beneficial mutations.

relative fitness

(reproductive success) the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals

directional, disruptive, stabilizing

What are the three different modes that selection can operate in

directional selection

favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range

disruptive selection

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

stabilizing selection

favors intermediate variants

D

Which of the following is most likely to produce a butterfly species in the wild whose members have one of two strikingly different color patterns?
A) artificial selection
B) directional selection
C) stabilizing selection
D) disruptive selection
E) sexual selection

sexual selection

natural selection for mating success

sexual dimorphism

differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics