CEREBELLUM & BASAL GANGLIA

Function of the Cerebellum

• For______

• Maintains normal body posture

• Coordinates all reflexes and voluntary muscular activities

• Graduates and harmonizes muscle tone

refinement of skills

Function of the Cerebellum

• For refinement of skills

• For movement (BA 4)

• Maintains ______

• Coordinates all reflexes and voluntary muscular activities

• Graduates and harmonizes muscle tone

normal body posture

Function of the Cerebellum

• For refinement of skills

• For movement (BA 4)

• Maintains normal body posture

• Coordinates all _________

• Graduates and harmonizes muscle tone

reflexes and voluntary muscular activities

Function of the Cerebellum

• For refinement of skills

• For movement (BA 4)

• Maintains normal body posture

• Coordinates all reflexes and voluntary muscular activities

• _______ and _________

Graduates and harmonizes muscle tone

What are the three Cerebellar Layers?

Molecular Layer, Purkinje Cell Layer, Granular Layer

Molecular Layer

Outermost layer

Purkinje Cell Layer

Where the most important cells are located

Granular Layer

Innermost layer

What layer are Basket cells?

Molecular Layer

What layer are Stellate cells?

Molecular Layer

What layer are Purkinje cells?

Purkinje Cell Layer

What layer are Granule cells?

Granular Layer

What layer are Golgi cells?

Granular Layer

Excitatory or Inhibitory?
Basket Cells

GABA inhibitor

Excitatory or Inhibitory?
Stellate Cells

Taurine inhibitor

Excitatory or Inhibitory?
Purkinje Cells

GABA inhibitor

Excitatory or Inhibitory?
Granule Cells

Glutamate Excitator

Excitatory or Inhibitory?
Golgi cells

GABA inhibitor

What are the 4 structures of the Cerebellum

Vermis, Anterior Cerebellar Lobe, Posterior Cerebellar Lobe, Flocculonodular Cerebellar Lobe

Vermis

Connects the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

The vermis has a tree like structure inside called?

Arbor Vitae

Anterior Cerebellar Lobe

The most superior lobe

Other name for Anterior Cerebellar Lobe

Superior Cerebellar Lobe

Posterior Cerebellar Lobe

Largest Lobe

Flocculonodular Cerebellar Lobe

Most inferior/anterior lobe (near the brainstem)

What are the 3 fissures of the Cerebellum

Primary Fissure, Uvulonodular Fissure, Horizontal Fissure

Gyrus

Convolutions or folds

Sulcus

Shallow deposits

Fissures

Deep

Phylogenetic Divisions

Archi Cerebellum, Paleo Cerebellum, Neo Cerebellum

Functional Divisions

Vestibulocerebellum, Spinocerebellum, Cerebrocerebellum

Nuclei Division

Fastigial, Globose, Emboliform, Dentate

Functional Division of Archi Cerebellum

Vestibulocerebellum

Anatomic Division of Archi Cerebellum

Flocculonodular

Nuclei Division of Archi Cerebellum

Fastigial

Function of Archi Cerebellum

Balance and Equilibrium

Functional Division of Paleo Cerebellum

Spinocerebellum

Anatomic Division of Paleo Cerebellum

Vermis and Anterior Lobe

Nuclei Division of Paleo Cerebellum

Globose and Emboliform

Function of Paleo Cerebellum

Muscle tone and posture

Functional Division of Neo Cerebellum

Cerebrocerebellum

Anatomic Division of Neo Cerebellum

Cerebellar Hemisphere and Posterior Lobe

Nuclei Division of Neo Cerebellum

Dentate

Function of Neo Cerebellum

Coordination

Dentate

Largest Nuclei

Globose and Emboliform

Interposed Nucleus

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

Other Name: Brachium Conjunctivum
Brainstem Connection: Midbrain

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

Other Name: Brachium Pontis
Brainstem Connection: Pons

Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

Other Name: Brachium Restiformis
Brainstem Connection: Medulla

Basal Ganglia

Collections of masses of gray matter within each hemisphere

Function of Basal Ganglia

• Refines ____

• Responsible for initiation of movement

• Planning and programming of movements

voluntary movements

Function of Basal Ganglia

• Refines voluntary movements

• Responsible for _____

• Planning and programming of movements

initiation of movement

Function of Basal Ganglia

• Refines voluntary movements

• Responsible for initiation of movement

• _____and ______

Planning and programming of movements

True/Anatomical Structures

Caudate, Putamen, Globus Palidus

Physiological Structures

Substantia Nigra, Subthalamic Nucleus, Red Nucleus

Location of the Physiological Structures

Midbrain

Function the Physiological Structures

gives signals to the anatomical structure for it to function

Caudate and Putamen

Major input or afferent of the basal ganglia (inside)

Globus Pallidus interna & Substantia Nigra Pars Reticula

Major output or efferent of the basal ganglia (outside)

Striatum/Neostriatum

Caudate and Putamen

Paleostriatum

Globus Pallidus

Lentiform Nucleus

Putamen and Globus Pallidus

Corpus Striatum

Caudate, Putamen, and Globus Pallidus

Excitatory Neurontransmitters

Glutamate, Acetylcholine, Dopamine (D1)

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

GABA, Dopamine (D2)

Direct Pathway

More Movement

Direct Pathway Structures

Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta/Subthalamic Area, Striatum, Globus Pallidus Interna, Substantia Nigra Pars Reticula, Thalamus, Cerebrum

Indirect Pathway Structures

Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta/Subthalamic Area, Striatum, Globus Pallidus Externa, Subthalamic Nucleus, Globus Pallidus Interna, Substantia Nigra Pars Reticula, Thalamus, Cerebrum

Structures that releases GABA

Striatum, Globus Pallidus Externa, Globus Pallidus Interna, Substantia Nigra Pars Reticula

Structures that releases Glutamate

Cerebrum, Subthalamic Nucleus, Thalamus

Structures that releases Dopamine

Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta

Parkinson’s Disease

Overactivity of D1 or under activity of D2 (or vice versa)

Asthenia

Generalized muscle weakness

Asynergia

Loss of ability to associate muscles together for complex movements

Delayed Reaction Time

Increased time required to initiate voluntary movement

Dysarthria

Disorder of the motor component of speech articulation
Slurred Speech

Dysdiadochokinesia

Impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements

Dysmetria

Inability to judge the distance or range of a movement

Dyssnergia

Movement performed in a sequence of component parts than as a single, smooth activity, decomposition
Robot like movement

Gait Disorders

Ataxic pattern; the broad base of support, postural instability; a high-guard position of UEs

Hypermetria

Overestimation of distance or range needed to accomplish a movement

Hypometria

Underestimation of distance or range needed to accomplish a movement

Nystagmus

Rhythmic, quick, oscillatory, back-and-forth movement of the eyes

Rebound

Inability to halt forceful movements after resistive stimulus removed; patient unable to stop sudden limb motion

Intention

Involuntary oscillatory movements resulting from alternate contractions of opposing muscle groups

Titubation

Rhythmic oscillations of the head; axial movement of the trunk

Cerebellar Pathology

No movement from the start

Basal Ganglia Pathology

There is movement, but the person struggles to initiate the next movement or control transitions

Akinesia

Inability to initiate movement; associated with fixed postures

Athetosis

Slow, involuntary, writhing, twisting, “wormlike” movements; frequently greater involvement in distal UEs

Bradykinesia

Decreased amplitude and velocity of voluntary movement

Chorea

Involuntary, rapid, irregular, jerky movements involving multiple joints; most apparent in UEs

Choreoathetosis

Movement disorder with features of both chorea and athetosis

Dystonia

Sustained involuntary contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles

Hemiballismus

Large-amplitude sudden, violent, flailing motions of the arm and leg of one side of the body

Hyperkinesis

Abnormally increase muscle activity or movement

Hypokinesis

Decreased motor response, especially to a specific stimulus

Rigidity

Increase in muscle tone, causing greater resistance to passive movement; greater in flexor muscles
Lead Pipe

Cogwheel

Lead Pipe

Uniform, constant resistance as the limb is moved

Cogwheel

Series of brief relaxations or “catches” as the limb is passively moved