AP Psych U2

Perceptual Sets

perceive or interpret stimuli based on expectations, sets of schemas

Perception

process of selecting organizing and interpreting sensory information, knowing what you're seeing

Top-Down Processing

information processing guided by higher level mental processing, broader concepts,

Bottom-Up Processing

slower, more details, no broad concepts

Gestalt Principles

proximity, similarity, closure. Figure and ground

Binocular Depth Cues

convergence rotation of both eyes

Monocular Depth Cues

relative clarity, relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective, and interposition

Schema

collection of basic knowledge about a concept that serves as a guide

Cocktail Party Effect

ability to focus attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations

Mental Set

readiness to perform certain functions

Fixation

preoccupation with a single idea

Priming

activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory

Framing

process of defining the context of issues surrounding a question, problem, or even in a way that influences how the context is evaluated

Sunk-Cost Fallacy

tendency to continue a course of action in which one has already invested money

Hindsight Bias

claiming past events were more predictable than they were

Executive Function

generate, organize, plan, carry out behaviors, think critically

Divergent Thinking

a problem has many solutions

Convergent Thinking

A problem only has one solution

Functional Fixedness

inability to consider a new function for an item

Encoding Failure, Inadequate retrieval (Tip-of-the-Tongue phenomenon)

Information fails to be effectively transferred and stored in memory