Sosci 5 - First Long Exam

Covers Module 1 and Module 2

Sex

Sex

refers to the biological and physical differences between males and females, such as reproductive organs and chromosomes.

Gender

a social construct, reflecting the roles, behaviors, activities, and expectations that society considers appropriate for men and women.

Gender Division of Labor

Refers to the allocation of different tasks between men and women based on socially constructed roles.

Occupational Segregation

result from gender division of labor with men and women working in different fields

Gender Socialization

process through which individuals learn and internalize gender norms and roles from childhood.

Gender Socialization Institutions

• Family

• Workplace

• Church

• School

• Media

• Government

Practical Gender Needs (PGN)

immediate, material needs arising from current gender roles (e.g., access to clean water, better health care)

Strategic Gender Needs (SGN)

involve challenging and transforming existing gender roles to achieve long-term equality (e.g., policies promoting women's rights and political participation).

Gender Stereotypes

Overgeneralized and simplified beliefs about gender roles and characteristics.

Gender Stereotypes Aspects

• Physical

• Psychological

• Sexual

• Socio-economic

Gender Discrimination

The unfair or unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender.

Gender Subordination

A process in which one gender, typically women, is placed in a lower or subordinate position to men.

Marginalization

Women are not recognized for their valuable work and not included in GNP and decision-making activities

Forms of gendered harassment

• Sexual harassment

• Homophobic, biphobic, or transphobic harassment

• Harassment for gender-nonconformity

Homophobia

an irritational dislike or prejudice against LGBTQIA+

Biphobia

refers to the idea that monosexuality is superior, intolerance of or violence against bisexuals

Transphobia

discrimination against transgender, nonbinary, and gender non-conforming people

Gender-based Bullying

any kind of threatening or harassing behaviors that are based on gender role expectations

Sexist Language

• Language that uses the generic masculine

• Language that involves the use of suffixes

• Use of sex-linked modifiers

• Terminologies that marginalize women

Language that uses the generic masculine

“An employee should wear his ID at all times” vs. “Employees should wear their id at all times”

Language that involves the use of suffixes

“Actress” vs. “Thespian

Use of sex-linked modifiers

“Working mothers” vs. “Wage-earners”

Terminologies that marginalize women

“Chick” vs. “Girl”

Gender Ideology

Often justifies gender roles and stereotypes

Multiple Burden

Refers to the phenomenon where women are expected to take on multiple roles simultaneously, such as paid work, unpaid domestic labor, and caregiving responsibilities.

Violence Against Women (VAW)

Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women.

Gender Inequality

refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender.

Gender Biases

manifest in subtle ways, influencing attitudes and behaviors, often without people being consciously aware of them.

Gender Stereotypes

lay the groundwork for biases, setting expectations for how men and women should behave. also influences gender discrimination, which manifests as unequal treatment in different spheres, like work or education.

Gender Subordination

a structural outcome of both stereotypes and discrimination, where one gender is consistently placed in a less powerful, dependent role (often women).

Marginalization

occurs when certain groups (usually women or gender minorities) are excluded from opportunities, decision-making, or resources, reinforcing subordination.

Multiple burden

an outcome of marginalization and subordination, where women are expected to juggle unpaid domestic work with paid employment and caregiving, limiting their ability to advance.

Violence Against Women (VAW)

a symptom and a perpetuator of gender subordination and marginalization, reinforcing the power imbalance between genders

Gender Stereotypes

In many cultures, men are seen as "natural" leaders, while women are viewed as nurturing caregivers.

Gender Discrimination

On average, women globally earn 77 cents for every dollar earned by men for the same work (known as the gender pay gap).

Gender Subordination

women may not be allowed to own property, vote, or hold leadership positions.

Marginalization

in some places, girls are less likely to attend school than boys due to cultural norms that prioritize boys’ education.

Multiple Burden

women in India often work full-time jobs while also being responsible for all household duties, leading to exhaustion and limited personal time.

Violence Against Women (VAW)

In the U.S., 1 in 4 women experiences domestic abuse in their lifetime.

Gender Stereotypes → Gender Discrimination

connection between concepts where women in STEM fields often face hiring biases because of stereotypes that science and engineering are "male" fields.

Gender Discrimination → Gender Subordination

connection between concepts where lower wages for women, results in women having less financial independence

Gender Subordination → Marginalization

connection between concepts where women’s voices are often sidelined in rural governance bodies, limiting their influence in community development.

Marginalization → Multiple Burden

connection between concepts where in many African countries, women engage in subsistence farming, take care of children, and do household chores without any societal support.

Gender Subordination + Marginalization → VAW

in Afghanistan, cultural norms often prevent women from reporting abuse due to fear of shame or retribution.

Multiple Burden

refers to the triple roles women often take on: paid work, unpaid domestic labor, and caregiving

Gender

a fluid social construct that varies across cultures and historical periods.

Gender Division of Labor

often relegates women to less valued, unpaid or underpaid domestic tasks, while men are seen as more suited for public or economically rewarded roles.

Practical Gender Needs (PGN)

addressing this gender need (day-to-day survival needs) may improve women's conditions

Gender Subordination

involves placing one gender, typically women, in a lower or dependent role relative to men, often institutionalized through cultural, political, and legal systems.

Gender Socialization

plays a significant role in maintaining the gender division of labor and perpetuating gender inequalities by influencing how people perceive their roles in society

Strategic Gender Needs (SGN)

addressing this gender need can lead to lasting gender equality.

Gender Stereotypes

shape expectations for behavior and roles, which leads to gender biases in education, employment, and politics.

Gender discrimination

occurs when individuals face unequal treatment based on their gender, affecting their economic, social, and political opportunities.

Marginalization

happens when a group (often women) is excluded from key social, political, and economic processes, leading to limited access to resources and decision-making power.

Gender Inequality

manifests in wage gaps, underrepresentation in leadership, and societal expectations that constrain both men and women based on their gender.