BIO 106 Final

Mammals key features

hair and mammary glands

Mammal clades 1, 2, and 3

monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals

Mammal clades 2 and 3

Therian mammals

Hair

insulates heat and evolved from scales; sensory functions, serve as a warning, and defensive.

Endotherms

Needs a lot of food and can inhabit many environments and can maintain the same level of activity throughout environments.

Mammary glands

produces milk for new borns; parental care is important

monotremes

mammals that lay eggs

Sebaceous glands

produce sebum → water resistance and lubrication for hair

Eccrine glands

produce sweat → temperature regulation

Apocrine glands

produce sweat → temperature regulation or scent

Mammal ear bones

Malleus, incus, stapes (transfer sounds from ear drum to cochlea)

Diphyodonts

Baby teeth that gets replaced

Heterodont teeth

Different types of teeth with different functions (to eat a varied diet)

Synapsid skull

hole in skull

we ALSO have:

• loop of Henle in nephron, urinary bladder

• fleshy external ears

• convoluted cerebral cortex

Monotremes

“Single opening” cloaca

Australia, South America, and new genuine

Lay eggs with yolk-sac placenta: lack nipples but “leak” milk from skin glands

The young hatch in a relatively undeveloped state

Marsupials

334 species, diverse

Live births, simple and short-lived placenta

Carry young in pouch, attach to nipples inside

Cloaca for urinary and digestive tract

Placental

The placenta is longer-lived and nourishing than in marsupials

Young are born relatively well-developed; nurse using mammals

Laurasiatheria

cow, pig, dog, pengolin, bat, and hedgehog

Supraprimates

mouse, squirrel, rabbit, human, flying lemur, tree shrew

Afrotheria

tenres, elephant, sea cow

Xenathra

Sloth, armadillo

conservation levels

population, community, and ecosystem

population

1. Populations of single species

2. Members of the same species should reproduce and live in the same area

3. Grow: birth, immigration

4. Shrink: death, and emigration

population growth

birth and immigration

population shrink

death and emigration

community

multiple populations and their species

ecosystem

community and nonliving or abiotic factors

# cats in 2024 = # cats in 2023 + # born + # immigrated - # died - # emigrated

N(2024) = N(2023) + B + I - D - E

if we don’t know B, I, D, or E…

we need a generalized model

generalized model:

G=rN, where G= growth of population; r= per capita growth rate; N = # individuals in population

resource limitation

competition for access to resources

carrying capacity

outward curve

boom-and-bust cycles:

predator increase means prey decrease

Simpson’s index of diversity = 1-D

N= total number of individuals

D = 1- sigma (n*(n-1)/(N*(N-1))

Species richness:

# of species present

Species abundance:

evenness of numbers of different species in a given area

Community ecology

Direct interactions happen when two species affect one another through one chain link.

Indirect interactions happen when two species interact through multiple chain links (no direct contact).

most biomass

producers

exponential growth

the slope gets steeper, and resource limitation will come into play

sinoatrial mode

built-in pacemaker

5-second rule project

dropped bread outside and inside then rubbed on petri dish, more bacteria when dropped and more outside

mushroom and strawberry mold project

mushroom tops and strawberry leaves to track most mold; strawberries did

bean plant growth project

growth of bean plants in different abiotic environments; greenhouse with heat, constant temp in MAC was the best

gluten-free vs. gluten bread mold project

gluten-free bread molds a lot quicker

pollinator abundance in different color flowers

dark purple had the most

species richness in Swan Lake Stream and Victory pond project

the pond had the greatest species diversity

arthropod diversity project

 arthropod diversity close to human or natural structures, set out traps bated with bananas, more consistent average in wild and more total near structures.

celery project

red food dye had a more rapid wilted rate in celery than blue or control