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Mammals key features
hair and mammary glands
Mammal clades 1, 2, and 3
monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals
Mammal clades 2 and 3
Therian mammals
Hair
insulates heat and evolved from scales; sensory functions, serve as a warning, and defensive.
Endotherms
Needs a lot of food and can inhabit many environments and can maintain the same level of activity throughout environments.
Mammary glands
produces milk for new borns; parental care is important
monotremes
mammals that lay eggs
Sebaceous glands
produce sebum → water resistance and lubrication for hair
Eccrine glands
produce sweat → temperature regulation
Apocrine glands
produce sweat → temperature regulation or scent
Mammal ear bones
Malleus, incus, stapes (transfer sounds from ear drum to cochlea)
Diphyodonts
Baby teeth that gets replaced
Heterodont teeth
Different types of teeth with different functions (to eat a varied diet)
Synapsid skull
hole in skull
we ALSO have:
loop of Henle in nephron, urinary bladder
fleshy external ears
convoluted cerebral cortex
Monotremes
“Single opening” cloaca
Australia, South America, and new genuine
Lay eggs with yolk-sac placenta: lack nipples but “leak” milk from skin glands
The young hatch in a relatively undeveloped state
Marsupials
334 species, diverse
Live births, simple and short-lived placenta
Carry young in pouch, attach to nipples inside
Cloaca for urinary and digestive tract
Placental
The placenta is longer-lived and nourishing than in marsupials
Young are born relatively well-developed; nurse using mammals
Laurasiatheria
cow, pig, dog, pengolin, bat, and hedgehog
Supraprimates
mouse, squirrel, rabbit, human, flying lemur, tree shrew
Afrotheria
tenres, elephant, sea cow
Xenathra
Sloth, armadillo
conservation levels
population, community, and ecosystem
population
Populations of single species
Members of the same species should reproduce and live in the same area
Grow: birth, immigration
Shrink: death, and emigration
population growth
birth and immigration
population shrink
death and emigration
community
multiple populations and their species
ecosystem
community and nonliving or abiotic factors
# cats in 2024 = # cats in 2023 + # born + # immigrated - # died - # emigrated
N(2024) = N(2023) + B + I - D - E
if we don’t know B, I, D, or E…
we need a generalized model
generalized model:
G=rN, where G= growth of population; r= per capita growth rate; N = # individuals in population
resource limitation
competition for access to resources
carrying capacity
outward curve
boom-and-bust cycles:
predator increase means prey decrease
Simpson’s index of diversity = 1-D
N= total number of individuals
D = 1- sigma (n*(n-1)/(N*(N-1))
Species richness:
# of species present
Species abundance:
evenness of numbers of different species in a given area
Community ecology
Direct interactions happen when two species affect one another through one chain link.
Indirect interactions happen when two species interact through multiple chain links (no direct contact).
most biomass
producers
exponential growth
the slope gets steeper, and resource limitation will come into play
sinoatrial mode
built-in pacemaker
5-second rule project
dropped bread outside and inside then rubbed on petri dish, more bacteria when dropped and more outside
mushroom and strawberry mold project
mushroom tops and strawberry leaves to track most mold; strawberries did
bean plant growth project
growth of bean plants in different abiotic environments; greenhouse with heat, constant temp in MAC was the best
gluten-free vs. gluten bread mold project
gluten-free bread molds a lot quicker
pollinator abundance in different color flowers
dark purple had the most
species richness in Swan Lake Stream and Victory pond project
the pond had the greatest species diversity
arthropod diversity project
arthropod diversity close to human or natural structures, set out traps bated with bananas, more consistent average in wild and more total near structures.
celery project
red food dye had a more rapid wilted rate in celery than blue or control