unit 5 ap hug

mediterranean climate

a climate with a sea as a border, sea winds, dry/hot summers, hills, cliffs, and narrow strips of flat land

tropical climate

a climate with average temps above 64 degrees. abundant precipitation, small temp range, and minimal seasonal rhythm

intensive agriculture

agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used

market gardening

small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops

plantation agriculture

a large commercial farm that specializes in one crop

mixed crop/livestock system

most of the crops are fed to the animals and the manure gives soil fertility

extensive agriculture

agriculture that used fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used

shifting cultivation

farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris

nomadic herding

herding domesticated animals in dry climates where planting crops is impossible- no permanent residence

ranching

the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area

rural settlement pattern

clustered and close-together pattern where homes can be tightly compacted together in a rural area

clustered settlement pattern

tightly compacted homes/buildings in a rural area in a specific pattern

dispersed settlement pattern

a rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages

linear settlement pattern

buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications

rural survey method

a method that shows different ways to identify our land

metes and bounds

a method of land description which involves identifying distances and directions and makes use of both the physical boundaries and measurement of the land

township and range

a rectangular land division scheme designed by thomas jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of US interior

long lot

a settlement pattern in southern Quebec and some other areas of Canada where individual lots tend to be long and narrow and extend back from major rivers or roads

domestication

to adapt or tame wild animals to human benefit

transhumance

the seasonal movement of livestock between mountains and low land pastures

high-yield seed

crops that produce more food pre-farming cycle than other wild varieties

mechanized farming

agriculture using modern powered equipment instead of animals or human labor

subsistence agriculture

agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption

commercial agriculture

the farming of products for sale off the farm

monocropping

the agricultural practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land

commodity chain

process used by firms to gather resources, transforms them into goods or commodities, and distributes them to consumers

carrying capacity

the ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people

global supply chain

system of organizations, people, technology, activities, info, and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer

export commodity

the export of just a few agricultural or mining commodities

pollution

occurs when humans contaminate the air, water, or land

land cover change

process in which agricultural areas are lost due to human development

desertification

process in which previously fertile lands become avid and unusable for farming

soil salinization

the slow build up of salt in the soil

conservation

the sustainable use and management of earth’s natural resources to meet human needs

slash and burn agriculture

burning a portion of the forest so that the soil can be used for agricultural purposes

terrace farming

building a series of steps or flat land for farming on the sides of hills or mountains

irrigation

man made system where by water is spread from its natural source over a much larger geographic range to aid in agricultural production

deforestation

the destruction of forest or forested areas by humans or natural means

pastoral nomadism

a way of life of peoples who do not live continually in the same place but move cyclically or periodically

biotechnology

a form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products/plants/animals for specific purposes

genetically modified organisms

a crop whose genetic structure has been altered to make it more useful and efficient for human purposes

aquaculture

name given to all farming and rearing of fish and marine plants that does not fall under the category of fishing

sustainability

the use of earth’s resources in a way that ensures their availability in the future

biodiversity

variety of life in the world in a particular habitat or ecosystem

fertilizer

any substance added to soil or water to increase productivity of crops

pesticide

chemicals used to treat agricultural crops to kill insects or animals that might try to damage the crops

urban farming

the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a village, town, or city

community-supported agriculture

a particular network or association of individuals who have pledged to support one or more local farms

value-added specialty crops

goods have some other product in them or item attached to them to make them unique and sold at a higher price

fair trade

concept used in developing countries to hep create sustainability

local-food movement

a movement which aids to connect food producers in the same geographic region

undernourishment

dietary energy consumption continuously below minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy lifestyle

food insecurity

when cost of food is too high in certain regions, or a family is struggling to make ends meet

food desert

an area that has limited access to affordable and nutritious food