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What are bacterial causes of equine dermatitis?
Glanders, folliculitis and furunculosis, dermatophillosis.
What is Glanders?
A contagious bacterial disease caused by Burkholderia mallei. WOAH and zoonotic.
What are the clinical signs of Glanders?
Nasal form: catarrhal to purulent exudation, ulcerating nodules.
Pulmonary form: small, tubercle-like nodules, pneumonia.
Cutaneous form (farcy): nodules along lymph vessels, ulceration.
How is Glanders diagnosed?
CFT, intradermal mallein test.
How is Glanders treated?
ATBs, euthanasia in Europe.
What is folliculitis and furunculosis?
Inflammation of hair follicles and surrounding dermis/subcutis.
What is the most common cause of folliculitis and furunculosis?
Staphylococcus aureus.
What are the clinical signs of folliculitis and furunculosis?
Warm, painful skin of saddle area, pastern region, tail.
How is folliculitis and furunculosis diagnosed?
Culture.
How is folliculitis and furunculosis treated?
Antiseptic shampoo (iodophors, chlorhexidine), ATBs for secondary infection.
What is dermatophilosis?
A bacterial infection caused by Dermatophilus congolensis after prolonged exposure to rain or sweat.
What are the clinical signs of dermatophilosis?
Papules and pustules, exudative lesions, crusty lesions.
How is dermatophilosis diagnosed?
Culture, impression smears, skin biopsy.
How is dermatophilosis treated?
Soak lesions, remove crust, ATB spray/solution.
What are viral causes for equine dermatitis?
Equine papillomatosis, vesicular stomatitis, horse pox.
What is equine papillomatosis?
A viral infection causing wart formation by Equus Caballus Papillomavirus.
What are the three forms of equine papillomatosis?
Equine warts
Aural plaques
Sarcoids
What are the clinical signs of equine papillomatosis?
Warts on muzzle, lips, inside surface of ear.
How is equine papillomatosis diagnosed?
CS, biopsy, histopathology.
How is equine papillomatosis treated?
Often self-limiting. Cryosurgery, chemical cautery.
What is vesicular stomatitis?
A viral infection caused by Indiana vesiculovirus (Rhabdoviridae), spread directly or indirectly by black flies (Simulidae) and sand flies (Lutzomyia spp.). WOAH NOTIFIABLE & ZOONOTIC
What are the clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis?
Excessive salivation, vesicles in mouth, tongue, lips, lesions on hooves.
How is vesicular stomatitis diagnosed?
Swabs from vesicle fluid, epithelium, CFT, PCR, ELISA.
How is vesicular stomatitis treated?
None, eradicate.
What is horsepox?
A viral infection caused by horsepox virus, poxviridae.
What are the clinical signs of horsepox?
Vesicles that ulcerate and crust, mostly on muzzle and face.
How is horsepox diagnosed?
Cultivation and isolation.
How is horsepox treated?
Spontaneous resolution within 4 weeks.
What is a fungal cause of equine dermatitis?
Dermatophytosis/ringworm.
What is dermatophytosis (ringworm)?
A fungal infection caused by Trichophyton equinum, T. mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum. M. equinum, M. gypseum, M. canis.
What are the clinical signs of dermatophytosis?
Red, itchy, scaly, circular rash, follicular pustules and papules, and hair loss.
How is dermatophytosis diagnosed?
Fungal culture, Wood's lamp, skin scraping.
How is dermatophytosis treated?
Topical antifungals, disinfection of environment, vaccine.
What are protozoal causes of equine dermatitis?
Besnoitia bennetti, Dourine.
What is besnoitiosis?
A parasitic infection caused by Besnoitia bennetti.
What are the clinical signs of besnoitiosis?
Tissue cysts in skin/nostrils, also eyes/sclera.
Acute: fever, nasal/ocular discharge, salivation, stiff gait, orchitis, subcutaneous oedema.
Chronic: thickening, hardening, folding of skin, hyperkeratosis, alopecia, atrophy of testes.
How is besnoitiosis diagnosed?
Skin biopsy, upper airway endoscopy, Western blot, IFAT.
How is besnoitiosis treated?
Problematic; no drug for stopping cyst formation in skin and organs. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.
What is equine trypanosomoiasis (durine disease)?
A parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma brucei equiperdum.
How is dourine spread?
Mechanical transmission.
What are the systemic groups affected by dourine?
Reproductive, cutaneous, nervous.
What are the clinical signs of equine trypanosomiasis?
Genital oedema, neurological dysfunction, cutaneous plaques, conjunctivitis, keratitis.
How is equine trypanosomiasis diagnosed?
Clinical signs, serology (ELISA).
How is equine trypanosomiasis treated?
Melarsomine, but not recommended.
What are nematodal causes of equine dermatitis?
Habronemiasis, parafilariasis, onchocerciasis, Oxyuris equi.
What is habronemiasis?
A parasitic infection caused by Habronema muscae, Habronema majus, Draschia megastoma.
What are the clinical signs of habronemiasis?
Cutaneous granulomatous lesions (summer sores), conjunctival granulomatous lesions, gastric form.
How is habronemiasis diagnosed?
Endoscopy, ELISA.
How is habronemiasis treated?
Ivermectin.
What is parafilariosis?
A parasitic infection caused by Parafilaria multipapillosa.
What are the clinical signs of parafilariosis?
Small subcutaneous hemorrhages, bleeding nodules.
How is parafilariosis diagnosed?
Microfilaria in blood smear from nodules.
How is parafilariosis treated?
Ivermectin or moxidectin.
What is onchocerciasis?
A parasitic infection caused by Onchocerca species.
What are the main species of Onchocerca?
O. cervicalis (nuchal ligament)
O. gutturosa (nuchal ligament)
O. reticulata (flexor tendons at fetlock)
What are the clinical signs of onchocerciasis?
Alopecia, crusts, lameness, oedema, keratoconjunctivitis.
How is onchocerciasis diagnosed?
Scarified skin biopsy.
How is onchocerciasis treated?
Endectocides (ivermectin or moxidectin).
Only kill microfilaria, not adults.
What is oxyuriasis?
A parasitic infection caused by Oxyuris equi.
What are the clinical signs of oxyuriasis?
Pruritus, skin lesions, hair loss, secondary bacterial infections.
How is oxyuriasis diagnosed?
Adhesive tape technique.
How is oxyuriasis treated?
Ivermectin, moxidectin.
What are ectoparasites causing equine dermatitis?
Scabies, psoroptic mange, chorioptic mange, pediculosis, biting flies, hippoboscidosis.
What is scabies?
A parasitic infection caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. equi.
What are the clinical signs of scabies?
Crusted papules, scaling, alopecia, pruritus, weight loss, death.
How is scabies diagnosed?
Deep skin scraping.
How is scabies treated?
Organophosphates, pyrethroids.
What is psoroptic mange?
A parasitic infection caused by Psoroptes equi.
What are the clinical signs of psoroptic mange?
Pruritus, hypersensitivity reactions, papules, crusts, scaling, alopecia.
How is psoroptic mange treated?
Pyrethroid baths, avermectins.
What is chorioptic (foot) mange?
A parasitic infection caused by Chorioptes equi.
What are the clinical signs of chorioptic mange?
Sticky scales, strong pruritus, restlessness, lameness.
What are the three forms of clinical signs of chorioptic mange?
Eccema crustosum - formation of dry scales, small nodules and pustules;
Eccema madidans - loss of surface layers of skin, exposed corium has a wet granulomatous appearance;
Eccema verrucosum - multi-wart like skin → paralysis and libido disorders
How is chorioptic mange treated?
Oral ivermectin (lowers populations, doesn’t eradicate), selenium sulphide shampoo, fipronil spray.
What types of lice are found on horses?
Biting lice (Werneckiella equi) or sucking lice (Haematopinus asini).
What are the clinical signs of lice infestations?
Itching, irritation, hair loss, anemia, loss of condition, stunting of growth, sores, wounds, scabs.
How are lice diagnosed?
Observed on skin by eye or magnifying glass.
How are lice treated?
Pyrethroids, disinfection.
What are biting flies?
Horse flies, deer flies, sand flies, biting midges, black flies.
What are the clinical signs of biting fly infestations?
Painful bites, blood loss, secondary bacterial infections, lowered weight gains, reduction in condition.
What are the medical concerns associated with biting flies?
Vectors diseases such as anthrax, tularemia, anaplasmosis, and equine infectious anemia.
What is the effect of black flies (Simuliidae) on horses?
Death by acute toxaemia, anaphylactic shock; weakness: blood loss → anaemia, suffocation by inhalation.
What is hippoboscidosis?
A parasitic infection caused by Hippobosca equina (forest fly).
What are the clinical signs of hippoboscidosis?
Restlessness, anal/pubic area irritation, itching, alopecia.
How is hippoboscidosis treated?
Pyrethrin sprays/dips.
What are the skin manifestations caused by chorioptes?
Eccema crustosum, Eccema madidans, Eccema verrucosum.
What is the treatment for Chorioptes?
Fipronil baths and bandaging, removing the crust and then treating with ivermectin.
How often do you give ivermectin for chorioptes and why?
First dose and then 3 weeks later the second one; the eggs won’t die the first time.
What causes summer sores?
Habronema spp.
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