Anatomy Lab 2- Urinary System

kidneys

name these

retroperitoneal space

Kidneys are located in the _____________ in the lower abdomen at about the level of the psoas muscle. (T12-L1)

capsule

kidneys are surrounded in a fibrous connective ________ protected by a renal fat pad

hilum

Renal _____ is the small raised portion on the medial side where the renal artery, vein, pelvis, and nerves enter and exit

renal cortex

name this

renal medulla

name this

renal columns

name this

renal pyramids (in renal medulla)

name this

renal papillae

name this

Collecting duct → renal papillae -> minor calyces -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter > bladder

pathway of urine

Aorta → renal a -> segmental a. -> interlobar a. -> (arcuate a. ->interlobular a) ->afferent

artiole -> glomerular capillaries/Glomerulus ->efferent arteriole ->peritubular cap. and vasa recta -> arcuate v. → interlobular

v. -> renal v → IVC

blood supply pathway

Afferent

______ arterioles bring blood into the glomerulus

Efferent

______ arterioles take blood away from the glomerulus

Henle

Efferent arterioles turn into the peritubular capillaries, which pass along the length of the loop of

Vasa recta

__________ is the extension of the peritubular capillaries that extends around the loop of Henle and recovers reabsorbed substances and secretes some other substances into the nephron.

ureters

name this

transitional epithelium

The uterers are narrow muscular tubes lined with __________ _________ and smooth muscle.

urinary bladder

name this

transitional epithelium

The urinary bladder is in pelvic cavity just posterior to the pubic symphysis.

▪ Composed of _______________ surrounded by a smooth muscle layer

Trigone (of the bladder)

name this

internal urinary sphincter

name 10

external urinary sphincter

name 5

(spongy) urethra in males

name this

urethra in female

name this

bowmans capsule (Glomerular)

enlarged end of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus

nephron of kidneys

name this

renal corpuscle

Bowman's capsule+glomerulus

proximal convulated tubule

actively reabsorbs glucose, A.A., water

descending limb

passive reabsorption of water by osmosis

ascending limb

NaCl moves out by active transport

Distal convoluted tubule

Water and NaCl move out under control of ADH andaldosterone

collecting ducts

name G; empties multiple nephrons (not technically part of nephron), under hormonal control
H2O reabsorption through aquaporins regulated by ADH
Na reabsorption and K secretion regulated by aldosterone
H and HCO3- reabsorption or secretion
Urea reabsorption increased by ADH

cortex

Bowman's capsule, PCT and DCT are in the

medulla

Descending & Ascending limbs, and most of CD are in the

simple cuboidal, simple squamous

The thicker parts of tubes are ___________ epithelium, the thinner parts are ___________epithelium

PCT

Areas such as the ______ and CD have lots of mitochondria for active transport

filtrate

In the glomerulus the plasma is still considered part of the blood. Once it has been filtered across into Bowman's capsule it is called

filtration

blood pressure pushes fluid (i.e. plasma) across a filtration membrane (the capillary membrane)

reabsorption

movement of fluid from filtrate back into the blood

secretion

movement of wastes from the blood into the filtrate.

straw or amber

normal urine color

urobilinogen or porphyrin

Reddish amber indicates

bile pigments

Brownish yellow, green pee indicates

blood or blood pigments

red to brown pee indicates

clear, may become cloudy upon standing

normal transperancy

bacteria, pus, fat

cloudy transperancy

4.5-8.0

normal pH range for urine is

diet

____ can greatly affect pH

specific gravity

determines the amount of solutes dissolved in urine

1.000

water has a SG of

1.001-1.030

Urine SG is normally between

diabetes insipidus, nephritis

very low specific gravity can indicate (very dilate urine)

diabetes mellitus, proteinuria (excessive protein in the urine)

very high SG can indicate (very concentrated urine)

glycosuria

excess glucose in urine

excess albumin in urine

albuminuria

excess ketones in urine

ketonuria

exercise or a meal high in sugar

glucose can be seen in urine after (it is normally absent)

excessive exercise, nephritis, trauma

proteins can be seen in urine after

diabetes mellitus (excessive fat metabolism) (if found with glycouria then dignostic for DM)

ketones can be seen in urine if the patient has…..

excess RBC in urine

hematuria

trauma or UTI (or because of menstrual cycle) (almost always pathologic)

RBC can be seen in urine due to

excessive hemoglobin in urine

hemoglobinuria

bacterial infections such as UTI

nitrites in urine can indicate

liver diseases such as jaundice

bile pigments are often seen in

excess bilirubin (bile pigments) in urine

bilirubinuria

hemolysis

Bilirubin is formed during _______ of RBC's and is excreted by the liver into the gallbladder

yellow

Bilirubin can be signaled by a _____ foam on top of urine sample after shaking

urobilinogin

produced in intestines, some is excreted into the urine and give urine its characteristic color. Some is converted to stercobilin that gives feces its color

liver pathology

Too much urobilinogin can be a sign of

WBC's in urine

pyuria

their is an infection of the urinary tract

leukocytes are usually only seen in blood when

casts

hardened cell fragments, usually cylindrical found in the urine.▪ Almost always pathologic.▪ Can only observe casts by doing a sediment study

Perirenal fat capsule

Name this

Major Calyx

Name this

Renal Pelvis

Name this

Minor calyx

Name this

muscle detrusor; transitional epithelium

Urinary bladder is composed of ____ and ____

Glomerulus (Glomerular Capillaries)

Name this

salts and minerals & vitamins

Normal for urine to have excess ____ and ____ (Na+, K+, PO4-, SO4-) & excess ____ (small amounts of urea)

Bacteriuria

presence of bacteria in the urine

Cylindruria

presences of urinary casts in the urine

Cortical Nephron

has short loop of Henle and glomerulus further from corticomedullary junction
Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries (just has peri cap)

Juxtamedullary Nephron

Has long loop of Henle and glomerulus closer to corticomedullary junction
Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta (has both that and peri. cap.)
loop is much further into the medulla