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Sperm Head
[out → in]
Plasma membrane (covers entire cell)
Acrosome (contains enzymes for fertilization)
Nucleus (takes up most of head)
Nuclear ring/equatorial segment (end of acrosome)
4 cross-section membranes
[out → in]
Plasma membrane
Outer acrosomal membrane
Inner acrosomal membrane
Nuclear membrane
Enzymes
Hyaluronidase
Acrosin
Hyaluronidase
dissolve hyaluronic acid in cumulus
Acrosin
drills a Hoel in zona pellucida
Midpiece
[holds mitochondria and annulus]
Capitulum → part of sperm tail that implants into sperm head
Laminated columns → flexibility
Axoneme → runs length of tail, microtubules
Mitochondrial helix → energy generator
Annulus → end of mitochondria, and end of mid piece
Principle Piece
Axoneme down the length of tail Where microtubules are sliding to generate movement
Initial Semen Evaluation
Color
Volume
Concentration
Motility and viability
Morphology
Semen Color
Light grey/milk white color → normal
pink → blood present (not good)
yellow → urine present (not good)
clear → no sperm present, just seminal plasma
Semen Volume
Species varies
Low → small ruminates
High → horse, pig, etc
How much ejaculate is there?
measured in ml
Semen Concentration
Sperm/ml volume
varies by species
Different way to measure → hemocutometer, spectrophotometer, photometer, fluorometer, CASA
Sperm Motility and Viability
visual estimation (near 5% estimate)
Total motility (higher #, and evaluates all moving sperm)
Progressive motility (lower #, and evaluates all sperm moving in a straight line)
CASA can be used here
Sperm morphology
Scheme A
Scheme B
Scheme A Morphology
Primary → head abnormalities
Secondary → tail abnormalities (cytoplasmic droplet included here)
Scheme B Morphology
Primary → head abnormalities
Secondary → tail abnormalities
Tertiary → cytoplasmic droplets (proximal, distal, no droplet)
Proximal droplet
can indicate immature sperm
epididymal transport too quick
Distal dropet
can be fertile
sperm collected from epididymis (normal)
comes off when exposed to seminal plasma
Note 
Flashcard (59)