POS 2210: MIDTERM EXAM

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Liberalism

It is a theory in international relations that offers a more optimistic view of international relations, emphasizing the potential for cooperation, progress, and peace in the global arena

• Sociological liberalism

• Interdependence liberalism

• Institutional liberalism

• Republican liberalism

The four strands of liberalism

Interdependence liberalism

A strand of liberalism that focuses on mutual dependence where peoples and governments are affected by what happens elsewhere, by the actions of their counterparts in other countries

Economic

Interdependence liberalism focuses on _________ interdependence where states become increasingly tied through international commerce and trade

International political economy

Because interdependence liberalism focuses on how economic factors affect political relations, it can be seen as part of _________________ perspectives

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: A higher level of transnational relations between countries means a higher level of interdependence.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Interdependence liberalism argues that high levels of trade and economic interconnectedness can disrupt commerce and make conflict costly, fostering peace among states.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Interdependence liberalism believes that trade and economic development are more costly means to achieving power compared to military force.

Trading states

It is a term used to refer to successful countries of the post-war period that prioritize growth through international trade over military dominance

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Japan, Germany, and South Korea are examples of trading states in the post-war period.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: According to interdependence liberalism, the most successful states are those that have good economies instead of the best military capabilities.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Increased interdependence between states also increases conflict and violence.

Frederic Bastiat

He is a French economist in the 19th century that said: “when goods don’t cross borders, the soldiers will.”

Functionalist theory of integration

It is a theory by David Mitrany (1966) arguing that greater interdependence in the form of transnational ties between countries, as arranged by technical experts, could lead to peace

Neofunctionalist theory of international integration

It is a theory by Ernst Haas that builds upon Mitrany’s ideas, stating that integration has to do with getting self-interested political elites to intensify their cooperation through “spillovers”

Complex interdependence

It is a theory by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye made in the 1970s that describes how relations between states are becoming increasingly deep and complex due to influence from both state and non-state actors

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Under complex interdependence, states become more preoccupied with the low politics of welfare rather than the high politics of national security.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Under complex interdependence, welfare becomes less important, while military security becomes the primary goal and concern of states.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Modernization increases the level and scope of interdependence between states.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Transnational actors become increasingly important under complex interdependence.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: In complex interdependence, international relations are becoming more like domestic politics where different issues generate different coalitions, both within governments and across them.

Institutional liberalism

A strand of liberalism that argue that international organizations and international regimes help promote cooperation between states

• International organizations

• International regimes

The two types of international institution

International organizations

These are international institutions that is governmental in nature where the members of such are governments themselves

Regional organizations

These are international organizations where membership is confined to a particular region or area in the globe

Universal organizations

These are international organizations where membership spans across the entire globe to foster cooperation and peace

• Commonality

• Specificity

• Autonomy

The three measures for assessing the depth of institutionalization

International regimes

These are international institutions that are a set of rules which governs state action in particular areas

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Institutional liberalism argues that international institutions alone can foster cooperation and peace between states.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: In institutional liberalism, self-interested states create international regimes to solve collective actions problems.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: A higher level of institutionalization significantly reduces the destabilizing effects of multipolar anarchy.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Institutions make up for the lack of trust between states.

Republican liberalism

A strand of liberalism that is built on the claim that liberal democracies are more peaceful and law-abiding than other political systems

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Republican liberalism claims that democracies do not fight each other.

• The existence of domestic political cultures based on peaceful conflict resolution

• Democracies hold common moral values which lead to the formation of a “pacific union”

• Peace between democracies is strengthened through economic cooperation and interdependence

The three elements behind the claim that democracy leads to peace with other democracies

Pacific union

It is defined by Kant as a zone of peace based on the common moral foundations of all democracies

Republican state

It is a state that is democratic in nature and where leaders are chosen and are held accountable by the people

Autocracy

It is a state with a government ruled by one individual or a group of individuals where the people do not get to choose who will lead them

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: In republican liberalism, democracies are more likely to go to war with non-democratic states.

Anocracy

It is a state that is still transitioning to become either a democracy or autocracy

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: States that are still transitioning to a democracy or autocracy are relatively internally peaceful and conflict-free.

Intermediate regimes

It is another term for anocracies

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Autocracies are more likely to be conflict-prone than anocracies.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Anocracies allow popular grievances to be aired but lack the capacity to address them effectively.

Reverse U-curve

It is the shape of the curvilinear relationship between types of government and level of conflict

Democratic peace theory

It is the theory in republican liberalism that posits that democracy causes peace, that liberal democracies rarely go to war with one another

Feminism

It is a theory in international relations that seeks to identify, understand, and address basic inequalities between men and women and the consequences of such for world politics

Gender

It is a term that refers to “socially learned behavior and expectations that distinguish between masculinity and femininity”

Sex

It is a term that refers to biological, physiological characteristics that define humans as female, male, or intersex

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: According to feminism, qualities connected to masculinity are often assigned a higher value than those connected to femininity.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Feminism is a post-positivist approach in international relations.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Feminism critiques the realist idea of security as a masculinist way of looking at the world.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Gender has little to no involvement when it comes to violent conflicts all over the world.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: According to feminism, international politics disregards women as being passive and serving, often occupying low-end jobs in the service sectors.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: According to Cynthia Enloe (1989), gender is crucial in international politics but remains invisible due to conventional expectations between men and women.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Feminism is also inspired by post-colonialist theory in engaging critically with masculine biases that inform international relations.

Less than 7 percent

How many percent of the heads of state around the world are made up of women?

16 percent

What percent is the global gender pay gap?

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Women have more time to engage in paid labor because they are expected to only care for the household and the children.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Gender is biologically determined, while sex is socially constructed.

Gender-based violence

It is a term that refers to violence that specifically targets women mainly because they are women

Sex-based discrimination

It is a term that refers to unfair treatment or restriction by mere reason of a person’s sex

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Legally, rape committed against a man is only called sexual abuse.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Feminism aims to make men lesser than women by providing excessive privileges to women.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: The concern of gender-based violence is on women’s exclusion from equal rights in all areas of public life.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Sex-based discrimination can be eliminated through the removal of legal obstacles and lobbying for women’s rights.

Marxism

It is a social, economic, and political philosophy focusing on class struggle, historical materialism, and the critique of capitalism

The Communist Manifesto

It is the political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that critiques capitalism and predicts the rise of the proletariat

Capitalism

It is an economic and political system where trade industries and businesses are owned by private individuals and private entities

Bourgeoisie

A Marxist term that refers to a class of business owners, merchants and wealthy people, in general

Proletariat

A Marxist term that refers to the working-class people who possess little to no property and must sell their labor to survive

Bourgeoisie

According to Marxism, who control the means of production and own the factories?

Proletariat

According to Marxism, who performs the hard labor and control the relations of production?

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: The goal of the proletariat is to be freed and to establish a level playing field where resources are equally distributed.

Class struggle

It is the guiding principle of Marxism, the tension or conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat which drives historical change and leads to societal restructuring

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Marxism argues for the revolution of the proletariat to overturn capitalism.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Marxism focuses on the struggle for power between states in an anarchic system, while realism focuses on the struggle for power between two distinct socio-economic classes.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Marx viewed the growth of capitalism as a negative or retrogressive event.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: According to Marx, capitalism meant progress because it destroyed feudalism and paved the way for a socialist revolution.

Neo-Marxism

It is a collection of Marxist schools originating from 20th-century approach that amends or extends the Marxist theory

Robert Cox

He is a prominent neo-Marxist analyst of world politics and political economy that developed an analytical framework between social forces, forms of state, and world orders

Immanuel Wallerstein

He is a prominent neo-Marxist analyst that developed the concept of world system analysis

World Systems Theory

It is a macro-sociological framework that analyzes the global economy as a hierarchical system divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery regions

Core states

In world systems theory, these are the planet’s wealthiest countries that are involved in banking and control the means of production

Peripheral states

In world systems theory, these are countries that depend on low-value activities such as subsistence agriculture and raw material production, leaving them little access to markets and growth benefits

Semi-peripheral states

In world systems theory, these are states that are in transition to be core states but still perform functions of peripheral states

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Core states want to maintain the status quo, while peripheral states aim to free themselves by climbing the hierarchy to become a core state.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: The international political economy is permanent because the status quo will always be maintained.

Classes

These are the main actors or units of analysis in Marxism

Conflictual and zero-sum game

This is the nature of economic relations in Marxism

Historical materialism

It is a major theoretical framework in Marxism asserting that history progresses through class struggle, rather than ideas

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: Marxism argues that the national interest of a state is determined by the interest of the bourgeoisie, which makes a mask for the rich.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: While liberal institutionalism asks how to build a more peaceful world, Marxism asks the bourgeoisie how to achieve emancipation.

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: Marxism argues that an international order based on equal wealth distribution will prove unstable because there will no longer be a working class.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: The aim of Marxism is to create a just society based on equal distribution of wealth, leading to a society where all individuals can attain their highest potential.

Nationalism

To inspire the proletariat to fight on behalf of its bourgeois masters, states use the language of __________

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: The First World War led directly to the first major use of Marxist theory for international analysis purposes.

Vladimir Lenin

He was a Marxist revolutionary in the early 20th century and became the first leader of the Soviet Union

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE: According to Lenin, nationalism is the key tool for the proletariat to overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish new order.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE: According to Marxism, the First World War was an act of competition over access to imperial resources and markets between bourgeois classes.