F6: Mashup of all bits

Congress of Vienna

A big meeting in 1815 where leaders tried to fix Europe after Napoleon and stop future wars.

Nation

A group of people who share things like language, culture, or history.

Nation-State

A country where most people share the same culture and run their own government.

Six Bonds

The six things that connect people in a nation: language, land, culture, history, religion, and background.

Patriotism

Love and loyalty toward one’s country.

Nationalism

Strong loyalty to one’s nation, often with political goals.

Modern examples of nationalism

Brexit, Catalonia, and U.S. pride

Long Range Causes of WWI

World War I started because countries were super competitive, built big armies, made secret teams (alliances), and had too much pride (nationalism).

Italian Unification

The process of bringing all the different parts of Italy together to make one country.

Di Cavour

A smart leader from the Kingdom of Sardinia who helped unite Italy using clever politics.

Kingdom of Sardinia

The strongest part of Italy at the time — it led the unification and became the base for modern Italy.

Papal States

Land in central Italy controlled by the Pope — it was one of the last parts to join Italy.

Garibaldi

A brave fighter who led an army (the Red Shirts) to take over southern Italy and helped unite it with the north.

Steps to Modernization

Italy built railroads, improved farming, made schools, and created a better economy to catch up with other strong countries.

Associated Dates with Italy’s Unification

1848–1871

German Unification

The process of bringing many small German states together into one country.

Prussia

The biggest and strongest German state — it led the unification.

Prussian Advantages

Prussia had a strong army, a good economy, and smart leaders.

Otto von Bismarck

A clever leader who used war and politics to unite Germany.

Chancellor

A top government leader — Bismarck was the Chancellor of Prussia and later Germany.

Kaiser

The German word for "emperor" — the ruler of the new German Empire.

Wilhelm I

The King of Prussia who became the first Kaiser of united Germany.

Realpolitik

Bismarck’s idea of using practical and sometimes sneaky methods to get what he wanted for the country.

Associated Dates with German Unification

1864 - 1871

Strengthening of Germany

After uniting, Germany worked on becoming stronger with better government, army, and economy.

German Confederation

A loose group of German states before unification — not one country yet.

Hall of Mirrors

The fancy room in Versailles, France, where Germany was officially declared a country in 1871.

Otto Von Bismarck

The leader who helped unite Germany and made it stronger after unification.

Franco-Prussian War

A war between France and Prussia (1870–71) that helped bring the German states together.

Napoleon III

The ruler of France who lost to Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck’s fight to limit the Catholic Church’s power in Germany.

Catholic Church

A big religious group that Bismarck thought had too much influence over people and politics.

Jesuits

A group of Catholic priests Bismarck didn’t trust — he banned them in Germany.

Centre Party

A political group that supported Catholics and fought against Bismarck’s Kulturkampf.

Growth of state power

After unification, the German government got more control over schools, laws, and the military.

Reich

Empire

1st Reich

Holy Roman Empire

2nd Reich

United Germany under Bismarck

3rd Reich

Nazi Germany under Hitler

German Economic Growth

Germany’s factories, railroads, and businesses grew fast after unification, making it a powerful country.

Militarism

The belief that having a strong army is super important — Germany spent a lot on weapons and soldiers.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s plan to fight a two-front war by attacking France first, then Russia — it didn’t work well in World War I.

Triple Alliance

A team of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy before World War I.

Triple Entente

France, Russia, and Britain — who were against the Triple Alliance.

Weltpolitik

Germany’s idea to become a world power by building up its navy and getting colonies.

Reinsurance Policy

A deal between Germany and Russia to stay friendly — Bismarck made it, but it ended after he left.

Autocracy

A government where one person (like a king or emperor) has all the power — like the Kaiser in Germany.

Negative Integration Bismarck united Germany by…

Creating enemies to bring Germans together (like France or Catholics)

Positive Integration Bismarck united Germany by…

Making people proud of being German (through things like shared laws and schools)

Schlieffen Plan:

1905

Triple Alliance formed:

1882

Triple Entente formed:

1907

Bismarck fired:

1890

World War I starts:

1914

Latin American Revolutions

A bunch of countries in Latin America fought to break free from Spanish and Portuguese rule in the 1800s.

Inspiration for Revolutions

People were inspired by the American and French Revolutions and wanted freedom and equal rights too.

Peninsulares

People born in Spain who had the most power in Latin America.

Creole

People born in Latin America but with Spanish parents — they were rich but didn’t have as much power as Peninsulares.

Mestizos

People with mixed Indigenous and European ancestry — they had fewer rights.

Indigenous

Native people of Latin America — they were treated unfairly and had the least power.

Mexican War of Independence

A fight from 1810–1821 where Mexico broke free from Spain.

Grito de Dolores

The speech Hidalgo gave in 1810 that kicked off Mexico’s revolution — it means “Cry of Dolores.”

South American Independence

Countries like Venezuela, Colombia, and Argentina fought and won freedom from Spain in the early 1800s.

Simon Bolivar

A big hero who helped free countries in northern South America from Spanish rule — called “The Liberator.”

Jose de San Martin

Another independence leader who helped free Argentina, Chile, and Peru in the south.

Colonialism

When a stronger country controls a weaker one — Spain and Portugal ruled over Latin America for a long time.

Caudillos

Military leaders who took power after independence — some were helpful, others were like dictators.

Role of Nationalism

Nationalism helped people feel united and proud of their country, which pushed them to fight for freedom.

Benito Juarez

A Mexican leader who stood up for poor people and fought against foreign control and unfair rulers.

Grito de Dolores:

1810

Mexican Independence:

1821

Most South American countries gained independence between

1810-1830

Benito Juarez became president:

1858