Ecology

Grade 9 IB ecology

Autotrophs

Autotrophs

Things that create their own food from inorganic materials.

Hetrotrophs

Organisms that need to feed off other heterotrophs or autotrophs to gain energy

Sapotrophs

Gain nutrients from decaying matter through external digestion

Detritivores

Gain nutrients from decaying matter through external digestion

Prefix: Photo

Applies to both autotrophs and heterotrophs and means they gain energy through light.

Prefix: Chemo

This applies to both autotrophs and heterotrophs and means they gain energy through chemical processes

Biological Levels

Cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organisms, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere.

Community

All the biotic things in an area

Population

A large group of the same organism

How much energy is lost per trophic level

90% is lost and 10% is transferred between levels

Producer

Makes its own food

Consumer

Eats producers and other consumers

1st trophic level

producers mainly plants

2nd trophic level

usually small herbivorous animals. Primary consumers

3rd trophic level

Secondary consumers

4th trophic level

Tertiary Consumers

Food chain

A linear predator prey relationship from producer to tertiary consumer.

Food web

a food “web“ represents all the predator-prey relationships in a given area

2 most important elements in nature

Carbon and Nitrogen

What do they both have

Cycless

What is biomagnification?

The process through which things such as pesticides use the food chain to travel to different animals and concentrate in them.

Photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O_{2. Carbon + Water through photosynthesis becomes glucose + oxygen}

Cellular Respiration

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP. Oxygen + glucose is used to make Carbon Dioxide, Water, ATP

Ecology

The study of the relationships between living things and their surroundings.

Environment

The surrounding that affect an organism or living thing.

Biotic

Referring to living things, their remains, and their features (such as nests) associated with their activities.

Abiotic

Referring to non-living things (i.e. temperature moisture, light, soil, oxygen, carbon dioxide).

Ecosystem

All living organisms and their physical and chemical environment (a small region on Earth where living and non-living things interact).

Individual

A single organism

Population

A group of the same type of organisms living in close proximity

Biome

A biome is a large geographical area identified by its climate (temperature, and precipitation) and its main type of vegetation.

Biosphere

All areas on Earth where life can exist.

Athmosphere

A collection of gases held together by Earth’s gravity.

Lithosphere

The rocky crust of the Earth. This is the layer we live on.

Hydrosphere

All areas on Earth where water exists, this also includes all forms of water including ice and steam.

What type of plants photosynthesis?

Green plants

What % of energy is reflected by the clouds?

30%

What % of energy is absorbed by the atmosphere?

44%

What % of energy is absorbed by the water?

25%

What % of energy is absorbed by the wind?

1%

What percent of energy is used to photosynthesis?

0.023%

Producer: Energy Source

Make their own food through the process of photosynthesis

Consumer: Energy Source

Rely on other organisms for their energy.

Pyramid of Numbers

Population of animals

Pyramid of Biomass

Mass of dry organisms

Pyramid of Energy

Stored energy in each animal

What type of organism does photosynthesis?

Producer/Autotroph

What type of organism does cellular respiration?

Consumers/Heterotrophs

What cell organelle helps in photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts

What cell organelle helps in cellular respiration?

Mitochondria

Is energy required or released in the process of photosynthesis?

Required

Is energy required or released in the process of cellular respiration?

Released

Carbon cycle

https://knowt.com/flashcards/ab478736-06f8-4b71-bac3-8d6f68cb37b4?isNew=true

Nitrogen Cycle

https://knowt.com/flashcards/07db7bbb-b9cc-41c0-803f-376cb61ed278?isNew=true

Phosphorus Cycle

https://knowt.com/flashcards/ce0c7e39-1410-4855-9e2f-b2c5824c2d18?isNew=true

Used to improve crops

Nitrogen

Used to increase crops

Phosphorus

N

Nitrogen

P

Phosphorus

K

Potassium

Nitrites in water are…

Toxic to young animals

Eutrophication

A sudden increase in the amount of algae due to leached fertilizers. Creates dead spots in the water.