Chapter 14 Part one

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What are the three primary brain vesicle?

What are the three primary brain vesicle?

What does the telencephalon turn into?

cerebrum and lateral ventricles

What does the diencephalon turn into

thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus and third ventricle

what does the mesencephalon turn into

midbrain and aquaduct

what does the metencephalon turn into

pons, cerebellum, upper part of the fourth ventricle

myelencephalon

medulla oblangata and lower part of the fourth ventricle

What are the three dural folds?

Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli and tentorium cerebelli

what does the falx cerebri seperate

the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

what does the falx cereBELLI seperate

two hemispheres of the cereBELLum

What does the tentorium cerebelli seperate?

the cerebrum and cerebellum

The sinuses of the brain drains into what vein in order to exit the skull?

internal jugular veins

Which brain structures lack a blood-brain barrier? (hint: CVOs)

(7 circumventricular organs) postrema (AP), median eminence (ME), neurohypophysis (N), organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), pineal (P), subcommissural organ (SCO), and subfornical organ (SFO).

What structure in the ventricles makes CSF?

choroid plexus

What parts of the brain make up the brain stem?

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

Medulla Oblongata function

Controls vital processes**:** Contains sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts. Cardiovascular center regulates heartbeat and blood vessel diameter. Medullary respiratory center (together with pons) regulates breathing. Contains gracile nucleus, cuneate nucleus, gustatory nucleus, cochlear nuclei, and vestibular nuclei (components of sensory pathways to brain). Inferior olivary nucleus provides instructions that cerebellum uses to adjust muscle activity when learning new motor skills. Other nuclei coordinate vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and hiccupping. Contains nuclei of origin for vestibulocochlear (VIII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves. Reticular formation (also in pons, midbrain, and diencephalon) functions in consciousness and arousal.

Pons function

handles unconscious processes and jobs like sleep and breathing: Contains sensory and motor tracts. Pontine nuclei relay nerve impulses from motor areas of cerebral cortex to cerebellum. Contains vestibular nuclei (along with medulla) that are part of equilibrium pathway to brain. Pontine respiratory group (together with the medulla) helps control breathing. Contains nuclei of origin for trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII), and vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves.

Midbrain function

movement of body and head: Contains sensory and motor tracts. Superior colliculi coordinate movements of head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli. Inferior colliculi coordinate movements of head, eyes, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. Substantia nigra and red nucleus contribute to control of movement. Contains nuclei of origin for oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV) nerves.

Cerebellum function

Smooths and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles. Regulates posture and balance. May have role in cognition and language processing.

thalamus function

Relays almost all sensory input to cerebral cortex. Contributes to motor functions by transmitting information from cerebellum and basal nuclei to primary motor area of cerebral cortex. Plays role in maintenance of consciousness.

hypothalamus function

produces hormones to control body like temp and hunger and heart rate: Controls and integrates activities of autonomic nervous system. Produces hormones, including releasing hormones, inhibiting hormones, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Regulates emotional and behavioral patterns (together with limbic system). Contains feeding and satiety centers (regulate eating), thirst center (regulates drinking), and suprachiasmatic nucleus (regulates circadian rhythms). Controls body temperature by serving as body’s thermostat.

epithalamus function

Consists of pineal gland (secretes melatonin) and habenular nuclei (involved in olfaction).