A&P - Endocrine & Reproductive System

endocrine system targets what 3 things

most body cells, extracellular receptors, intracellular receptors

endocrine system site of action is ___ from the site of release

far (eg hormone→blood)

endocrine system has a ----- response but a ------ duration

slow response; long duration

how long can endocrine system response duration last

seconds to hours to days

nervous system site of action is ---- to the site of release

close (eg neurotransmitter→synapse)0

nervous system has a ---- response but a ---- duration

fast response; short duration

how long does a nervous system response duration last

milliseconds

both the nervous and endocrine system release ------- messengers

chemical

both the nervous and endocrine system have chemical messengers that bind to ------- at a -------- ------- to elicit a response

receptors; target tissue

both the nervous and endocrine system have functions of ------ ----- control, --------, and ---------

whole body control; coordination regulation

major components of the endocrine system

* hypothalamus
* pituitary gland
* pineal gland
* thyroid gland
* parathyroid glands
* adrenal/suprarenal glands
* pancreas
* ovaries
* testes

additional organs with endocrine function

* skin
* heart (ANP)
* adipose tissue
* thymus (thymic hormones)
* liver (angiotensinogen)
* stomach (gastrin)
* small intestine (secretin, CCK)
* kidneys (rening, EPO)
* placenta (hCG)

what glands have multiple

* parathyroid glands (4)
* adrenal/suprarenal glands (2)

the regulation function of the endocrine system regulates

* chemical composition and volume of extracellular fluid


* metabolism/energy balance
* contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle
* immune function (thymus)
* glandular secretions of other glands

functions of endocrine system

* regulation
* control of growth and development
* control of reproductive systems
* help establish circadian rhythm (pineal gland)
* reinforce/coordinate with the nervous system

what gland is associated with helping to establish circadian rhythm

pineal

exocrine secretions open into

a duct or a surface (sebaceous glands)

endocrine secretions flow into

blood stream and travel to a target organ

paracrine and autocrine hormones are classified as ---- hormones

local

paracrine hormones act on

nearby cell

autocrine hormones act on

releasing cell

IL2 and nitric oxide are examples of

local hormones

circulating hormones travel in the ---- and act on a ------ ----

blood; target cell

insulin, glucagon, and ANP are examples of

circulating hormones

permissive effect

one hormone requires simultaneous/recent exposure of another hormone

synergistic effect

two hormones together get a bigger response than the sum of their individual responses

antagonistic effect

two hormones have opposite actions (insulin and glucagon)

if too much of a hormone is produced or present, target cells ------ receptors and ----- sensitivity. This is known as -----------

decrease; decrease; downregulation

if too little of a hormone is produced or present, target cells ------ receptors and ------ sensitivity. This is known as -----------

increase; increase; upregulation

the two chemical classes of hormones are

lipid soluble and fat soluble

steroid hormones and thyroid hormones are examples of ----- soluble hormones

lipid

amines and peptides/proteins are examples of ------ soluble hormones

fat

lipid soluble hormones are transported bound to

transport proteins

lipid soluble hormones being bound to transport proteins during transport allows for

* them to be temporarily water soluble
* not filtered at the kidney
* readily available in blood/not excreted

lipid soluble hormones ----- into target cell for mechanism of action

diffuse

lipid soluble hormones bind to receptors in the ----------- for the mechanism of action

cytosol or nucleus

lipid soluble mechanism of action after bind to receptor in cytosol or nucleus

* alter gene expression/DNA and initiate protein synthesis
* alter cell activity

water soluble hormones are transported

freely in the blood plasma

water soluble hormones diffuse ----- the target cell and bind to a ----- on the ------ of the plasma membrane

near; receptor; surface

water soluble hormones activate a ----- -------- to start a ------ ------- ------- and ultimately to alter cell -------

second messenger; cell signaling cascade; activity

what is the first messenger in GPCR/cAMP

circulating water soluble hormones that diffused near a target cell

GPCR/caMP: when the hormone binds to the receptor on the target cell this stimulates

G-proteins (beta, gamma, and alpha) to dissociate

GPCR/cAMP: the adenylate cyclase is stimulated by

alpha g-protein

GPCR/cAMP: what does adenylate cyclase do when stimulated

ATP into cAMP

GPCR/cAMP: what is the second messenger

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

GPCR/cAMP: what does cAMP stimulate inactive ------ ------ to become active

protein kinases

GPCR/cAMP: what do active protein kinases stimulate/do

phosphorylation of cellular protein (ATP → ADP + Pi, Pi onto cellular proteins)

GPCR/cAMP: phosphorylation of cellular proteins causes a change in ------ and therefore a change in ------

structure; function

the hypothalamus serves as link between the ----- system and the ------ system

nervous; endocrine

the posterior pituitary gland is associated with **neural or hormona**l communication?

neural

the anterior pituitary gland is associated with **neural or hormonal** communication?

hormonal

what are the two nuclei that contain cell bodies of neurosecretory cells

paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus

for the posterior pituitary gland cell bodies of ------- cells within nuclei make --------

neurosecretory; hormones

in the posterior pituitary gland hormones are ----- and --------

stored; released

structure that connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland is

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract (axons of specialized neurons of CNS)

structure that connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is

hypophyseal-portal circulation

the hypothalamus makes and secretes -------/-------- hormones to act on the anterior pituitary gland

releasing/inhibiting

releasing/inhibiting hormones act on the ------- pituitary to release/inhibit release of ------ hormones

anterior; tropic

what are tropic hormones

* regulate the release of other hormones throughout the body
* can be stimulatory or inhibitory

what connection from the hypothalamus stimulates the posterior pituitary gland

neurosecretory cells within paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus

the posterior pituitary gland releases what two hormones

* ADH/ vasopressin
* oxytocin

ADH secreted from --- targets what cells ----?

PPG, kidneys and blood vessels (mainly arterioles)

ADH secreted from --- has what actions ----?

PPG, water electrolyte balance/BP regulation

oxytocin secreted from --- targets what cells ----

PPG, uterus and breast tissue

oxytocin secreted from ---- has what actions

childbirth and lactation

what releasing/inhibiting hormones are made in/secreted by hypothalamus (to act on APG)

* prolactin releasing/inhibiting hormones (PRH, PIH)
* thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
* corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
* growth hormone releasing/inhibiting hormone (GHRH, GHIH)
* gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

PRH/PIH stand for

prolactin releasing hormone, prolactin inhibiting hormone

TRH stands for

thyrotropin releasing hormone

CRH stands for

corticotropin releasing hormone

GHRH and GHIH stand for

growth hormone releasing hormone, growth hormone inhibiting hormone

GnRH stands for

gonadotropin releasing hormone

what anterior pituitary gland hormone does PHR from hypothalamus stimulate

prolactine

prolactin is secreted from ------ cells

prolactin cells

prolactin target cells

breast tissue

prolactin action

lactation

what anterior pituitary gland hormone does TRH from hypothalamus stimulate

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

TSH stands for

thyroid stimulating hormone

thyroid stimulating hormone is secreted from ------ cells

thyrotropic cells

thyroid stimulating hormone target cells

thyroid gland

thyroid stimulating hormone additional hormones

* triiodothyronine (T3)
* thyroxine (T4)

thyroid stimulating hormone action

metabolism

what anterior pituitary gland hormone does CRH from hypothalamus stimulate

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

ACTH stands for

adrenocorticotropic hormone

adrenocorticotropic hormone is secreted by ---- cells

corticotropic cells

adrenocorticotropic hormone target cells

adrenal gland

adrenocorticotropic hormone additional hormone

cortisol

adrenocorticotropic hormone action

metabolism, stress (Blood glucose regulation)

what anterior pituitary gland hormone does GHRH from hypothalamus stimulate

growth hormone (GH)

GH stands for

growth hormone

growth hormone is secreted by ---- cells

somatotrophic cells

growth hormone target cells

body cells (especially liver)

growth hormone additional hormones

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) from liver

growth hormones actions

growth, energy, metabolism

what anterior pituitary gland hormones does GnRH from hypothalamus stimulate

* luteinizing hormone (LH)
* follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

LH stands for

luteinizing hormone

FSH stands for

follicle stimulating hormone

luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone are secreted by ------- cells

gonadotropic cells

luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone target cells

ovaries and testes

luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone additional hormones

ovaries → progesterone and estrogen

testes → testosterone

luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone action

reproduction