Mass Comm Exam 3

4th Estate

The media is sometimes a check on the three branches of government, and then is thought of as the 4th branch of government

Equal Time Rule

Same cost, same opportunity, can not fact check or refuse to air, exemptions for bonified news broadcast regulation

Fairness Doctrine

Discuss all sides of public issues; if there is a problem, they need to talk it out. Died in 1987 due to the rise of the internet and other media

CNN Effect

It makes us care a world away

Horse Race Coverage

The numbers/polls

How do leaders try to manipulate the media

1. Influence coverage- slow news day vs busy news day

2. Stonewalling

3. Trial Balloons- what if and see how the media responds

4. Leaks- hurt an opponent

Traits of media political campaign coverage

1. Cyclical

2. Tracking polls

3. Commentary

How does the media fall short covering campaigns?

1. Issues

2. Agenda

3. Interpretation

4. Inside coverage

How might a campaign manager try to(or not) get coverage during a campaign?

1. Campaign managers

2. Getting coverage

3. Photo-ops

4. Limiting Access

5. Targeted ads

3 eras of globalization

1. 1.0- countries

2. 2.0- businesses

3. 3.0- Individuals

Authoritarian media environment

1. Those in power have information monopoly

2. Heavy censorship

3. Citizens NEED the government

Libertarian media environment

1. Marketplace of ideas

2. First amendment

3. Democracies or democracy-like

WikiLeaks

An international, non-profit org that publishes classified, confidential, or otherwise restricted documents that are leaked to them by anonymous sources; started by Julian Assange

Anonymous

Hacking group; argues for transparency; started via 4Chan and trolling; challenges around ethics and goals

Voice of America

Media in the tradition of the U.S. around the world

Soft diplomacy

funding media operations, direct to the people broadcasting over hostile borders, or the Voice of America

BBC

paid for via fees paid by citizens; chartered by the government

China’s great firewall

The nickname for the Chinese government’s internet censorship and surveillance system

Marketing

1. Focuses on 4 Ps

2. Strategic function, works with numbers, focuses on research

What are the 4 Ps

Product, Price, Place, Promotions

Advertising

1. Focuses on creative

2. What ads will resonate, create ads and promotions, how well did the ads work

3. Is a creative function and also assesses

Public Relations

1. Focuses on relationships

2. How does the community, customers, media, and employees view us

3. Is a relationship management function, does a lot of writing and relationship building, requires reciprocation to be successful

Integrated Marketing Communication

1. Messages should be cohesive

2. A mix of at least 4 groups(Marketing, Advertising, Public Relations, and Sales)

Corporate Social Responsibility(CSR)

Being socially accountable to stakeholders, public, and costumers

What are concerns about CSR?

1. Commitment to CSR is there, or it is not

2. Avoid pink washing or green washing

Branding

A “personality” of sorts, the stories surrounding the product, brand names, and store knock offs

Risk of Personality branding

Can backfire because your branding is all on that one person or idea

Lowest Common Denominator Advertising

Target the broadest audience possible; promote a singular feature

Positioning

Be precise in your advertising

Clutter

There are so many ads that a message get’s lost

Viral advertising

ideas that go viral

Brand activation

Doing things through physical activities, like events

Product placement

Placing where it will help the business and get the name out more

Guerrilla Marketing

under the radar, ethical challenges

Publics

Groups that share similar interests or convers; choose themselves

Stakeholder

people who have an interest in the organization; chosen by the organization

3 kinds of publics

1. External- don’t work for the organization

2. Internal- work for the organization

3. Media- News outlets

Dialogic Theory

1. Mutuality- level playing field; depends on each other, both sides listen and speak

2. Propinquity- genuine and spontaneous, ask the public for input; it is timely

3. Empathy- support and understand the public

4. Risk- communication happens on the public’s terms, and is unpredictable; communication may create change

5. Commitment- it is there, or it is not

Crisis Management

When $hit hits the fan, crisis planning, communication, apologizing, tension with legal

Some examples of PR being used for advocacy

lobbying, supporting causes, political action groups

Relationship between PR and political communication

1. Politics involves building relationships

2. Getting coverage, to build name recognition

3. Getting messages out to constituents

Relationship between PR and an organization’s internal communication

1. Employee newsletters

2. Messages from executives to employees

3. Updating stakeholders on important issues

Public Space

Owned by a government entity such as a city, state, or federal government; accessible to the general public; speech can not ish be restricted; there are limits

Privately owned public spaces

places owned privately that are publicly accessible; speech can be restricted

Private Space

Persona has a “reasonable” expectation of privacy; access is “restricted”; speech can not be restricted for the most part

Tinker V. Des Moines

In schools, students do not give up their rights at the school gate as long as it is not disruptive (tinker won freedom of speech)

Near V. Minnesota

He and another guy were writing a newspaper article that was controversial, and they got sued(PRIOR RESTRAINT)(Press freedom won by Near)

New York Times V. United States

The president was trying to tell the Post not to publish materials belonging to a classified Defense Department study(press freedom was won by the New York Times)

New York Times V. Sullivan

The New York Times published an ad for contributing donations to defend MLK with his charges(Freedom of speech. press won by the New York Times)

Brandenburg V. Ohio

He was a leader in the KKK who made a speech at a Klan rally and was convicted under an Ohio criminal syndicalism law(INCITING STANDARD)(Freedom of Speech won by Brandenburg)

Prior Restraint

1. Government suppression of would-be speech

2. Most interested in content before it is “out of the world.”

3. The Constitution greatly restricts this

4. Prohibited under Near v. Minnesota

Types of speech not protected

• Defamation

• Inciting violence

• National Security

• Obscene material

Inciting Standard

1. Advocates for lawless action

2. Aim to produce lawless action

3. Action is imminent and likely to occur

Time, Place, and Manner

• Content neutral regulations

• When, where, and how speech occurs

• Must be applied uniformly

• Free speech, while creating order

Libel

published false information(including broadcasted)

Slander

Spoken false information

How does someone prove libel? difference for public figures?

• Public figures must also prove malice intent & reckless disregard

• Publisher knew that it was false or had good reasons to suspect that it was false

Telecommunications Act

Deregulated the number of stations a company could own

Communication Decency Act

Regulated online content; tried to restrict transmission of indecent material online, especially to minors

Section 230

No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider

DMCA

cannot bypass copyright protections; services like YouTube have “safe harbors” if they follow procedures

SOPA & PIPA

Did not pass due to public outcry