Joints Anatomy Test Review

List the factors that influence stability of synovial joints.  Which factor plays a minor role, a limited roll, and the most important role when it comes to stabilizing a joint?

\-Shape of the articular surface

\-Ligament number and location

\-Muscle tone keeps tendons taut as they cross joints

What type of motion occurs at the atlantoaxial joint? (C1 and C2)

Rotation

What is the difference between a sprain and a strain?

\-sprain injures the bands of tissue that connect two bones together, while a strain involves an injury to a muscle or to the band of tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

List ALL the elbow ligaments

\-Medial collateral ligament

\-Lateral collateral ligament

\-Annular ligament

\-Quadrate ligament

Supination

rotation of the forearm so that the palm is facing UPWARD or facing ANTERIORLY

Eversion

turning of the foot so that the plantar faces LATERALLY

Inversion

turning of the foot so that the plantar surface faces MEDIALLY

Dorsiflexion

movement at the ankle moves the anterior portion of the foot closer to the shin

Abduction

movement of a body part AWAY from the midline of the body

Adduction

movement of a body part TOWARDS the midline of the body

Protraction

moving a part of the body FORWARD

Retraction

moving a part of the body BACKWARDS

Pronation

rotation of the forearm so that the palm is facing DOWNWARD or facing POSTERIORLY

What bones articulate to form the elbow joint?

\-The __humerus__ articulates with the radius and ulna

\-__Hinge joints__ formed primarily from the trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

What is synovial fluid?  Why is synovial fluid important? What is inside synovial fluid?

\-Synovial fluid is a clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane, and is important because it contains stem cells that may function in the process of ligament regeneration due to injury. 

Define a gomphoses joint and give an example.  What is another name for this joint?

A fibrous joint that helps hold the teeth in the socket. (Example: Teeth in alveolar sockets) Another name for this joint is __(Peg-in-socket joints.)__

What are the two cruciate ligaments?

\-Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

\-Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

What is the role of the ACL?

prevents forward sliding of tibia and stops hyperextension of knee.

What is the role of the PCL?

prevents backwards sliding of the tibia and forward sliding of the femur

Why is the articular cartilage at the ends of long bones important?

It helps to prevent crushing of the bone ends

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

\-Syndesmoses

\-Sutures

\-Gomphosis

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

\-Synchondrosis

\-Symphyses

What are the six subcategories of synovial joints?

\-Plane joint

\-Hinge joint

\-Pivot joint

\-Condylar joint

\-Saddle joint

\-Ball and socket joint

What are bursae?

Fluid filled sacs that contain synovial fluid and are commonly found between the skin and underlying bony prominences. 

Define the three functional classifications of joints.

* **Diarthroses** (freely movable)
* **Amphiarthroses** (slightly movable)


* **Synarthroses (**immovable**)**

What is hyperextension?

Extending a part of your body PAST its anatomical position

Define menisci. Where do you find them?  What are they made of?

\-Menisci are synovial joints that are divided into two compartments. They are found in the knee and are made up of articular discs of fibrocartilage that are between the articular surfaces. 

Understand gliding movements. Where would you see this? (joints) What type of movement? (uniaxial, biaxial etc…)

\-Gliding movements- one flat bone glides or slips over another similar surface.

* Seen in intercarpals joints and intertarsal joints 
* Between articular processes of vertebrae.

What are the factors that limit displacement of the hip joint? How does it compare to the shoulder. (think flexibility and stability)

Tightness in the lateral rotators and the ischiofemoral ligament limit internal rotation of the hip joint. Greatest stability comes from deep ball-and-socket joints.

What structures will become damaged in a lateral blow to the knee?

* Tibial collateral ligament
* Medial meniscus 
* Anterior cruciate ligament

Where do you find the annular ligament?

Found below the elbow joint that encircles the head of the radius.

Give an example of an interosseous fibrous joint.

The connection between the ulna and the radius

List the six characteristics of synovial joints.

* Hyaline cartilage
* Joint cavity
* Synovial membrane
* Synovial fluid
* Joint capsule 
* Ligaments

What is the role of a tendon sheath?

Allows tendons to move smoothly and freely through the lubricating fluid.

What does it mean when a person is double jointed?

There is a wider range of motion in that person (hypermobility), and there is more support for their joints versus the regular person. Their joints are more LOOSER versus a non-double jointed person.

Gouty arthritis

Pain and inflammation occur when too much uric acid crystallizes and deposits in the joints.

Lyme disease

a bacterial infection that is passed by a tick bite, that causes intermittent arthiritis of several joints. Usual symptoms include: rash, fatigue, and flulike aches and pains.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

autoimmune disease where the body attacks the body’s healthy tissues, and is painful and debilitating.

Osteoarthritis

 most common type of arthritis, it is a degenerative disorder in which the affected joints’ articular cartilage softens and disenegrates gradually, causing the joints to deform. 

What is the most freely movable joint in the body?

Shoulder joint

What makes up the rotator cuff?

 Subscaularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and teres minor.

What movements does the temporomandibular joint make?

Hinge and Gliding

Where would you find sutures?

The skull

Where would you find symphysis joints?

Fibrocartilage tissue

Where would you find gomphosis?

Peg-in-socket joint

Where would you find syndesmosis?

Fibrous connective tissue AND ligaments