cell biology

what are the functions of the human cell?

conduction of nerve impulses, contraction of muscles, support of various organs, transportation of body fluids

what is protoplasm?

colorless material that houses the living part of a cell, including cytoplasm and nucleus.

what are the four primary elements of protoplasm?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

when carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur combine, what do they make?

the essential major organic compounds: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, water, electrolytes

what are macromolecules?

large molecules

what are the essential major organic compounds?

proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, water, electrolytes

what is the universal solvent?

water

what does water do?

dissolves, transports, maintains temp, cushions vital organs, regulates concentration, lubrication of GI system and skeletal articulations

what are organic compounds?

compounds that contain carbon

what are 5 organic compounds?

proteins, enzymes, hormones, antibodies

what is protein synthesis?

when proteins are produced with a cell

what are proteins?

long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

what are enzymes?

molecule that speeds chemical reaction

what are hormones?

(secreted by endocrine gland) moves to another part of the body to control a function

what do antibodies do?

defend against infection and disease

what is another name for carbohydrates?

saccarides

what is the function of carbohydrates?

provide fuel for cell metabolism, provide shape and stability to cells and tissues

starch, cellulose, and glycogen are examples of what?

carbohydrates

what are lipids comprised of?

1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

what are the functions of lipids?

structure of cell membrane, thermal insulator, fuel for body(stroes energy)

types of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids and waxes

what are two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

DNA is only in the ____

nucleus

what does DNA do?

controls cell function and contains hereditary information

what are the DNA nitrogenous bases?

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

where is RNA found?

in the cytoplasm, some in the nucleus

what does RNA do?

helps with cell growth and development, protein synthesis

RNA nitrogenous bases

adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

RNA is a _______ macromolecule and DNA is ______

single-stranded; double-stranded

RNA contains ____ and DNA contains ______

ribose; deoxyribose

In RNA, ___ bonds with adenine. In DNA, ___ bonds with adenine

uracil. thymine

DNA carries genetic code while RNA

has multiple biologic functions

which is shorter— RNA or DNA?

RNA

what does mRNA do?

DNA replicates itself as mRNA so that it can leave the nucleus to direct the process of making proteins from amino acids

what does tRNA do?

within ribosomes, mRNA transfers the cells’ genetic code tRNA which begins the process of protein synthesis

what does ribosomal RNA do?

helps with protein synthesis

what is the human genome?

contains all the genetic information needed to create and sustain life

each gene contains instructions for

protein synthesis

proteins perform various functions, like:

building tissues, fighting infections, and carrying out chemical reactions

the human genome has about ____ pairs of DNA

3 billion

while most of our DNA is the same, small differences in the ______ of bases make each person unique.

sequence

nucleus contains:

DNA, some RNA in nucleolus, protein and water

_____ is the protoplasm outside the nucleus that houses organelles

cytoplasm

____ is a lipid/protein wall that is selectively permeable; provides structure and form to cell

cell membrane

______ is a network of tubules and vesicles throughout the cytoplasm; moves food and molecules within the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

_____ contain vesicles from the nucleus to the cell membrane; moves enzymes and hormones outside the cell to the bloodstream

golgi apparatus

____ is a bean-shaped organelle that provides energy for the cell

mitochondria

what is all chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life

metabolism

what is the destructive metabolism that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones to create energy? (ATP)

catabolism

what is constructive metabolism that joins small molecules to create large one and uses energy?

anabolism

what single-membraned organelle breaks down unwanted molecules and acts as a garbage disposal?

lysosomes

what do you call small, spherical organelles that attach to the endoplasmic reticulum; produce cellular proteins and combine into amino acids, and are the site of protein synthesis?

ribosomes

what lives near the nucleus, containing centrioles that are vital for mitosis?

centrioles

what is the largest organelle in the cell that is surrounded by double-walled membrane with pores?

nucleus

what does the nucleoplasm contain?

DNA and proteins; genetic code/hereditary material

what is the RNA copy center that synthesizes ribosomes?

nucleolus

what organelle controls cell division and multiplication and the metabolic reactions that occur within the cell?

nucleus

what is the process by which a cell or group of cell multiply in number?

cell proliferation

what is the name of somatic cell division?

mitosis

what is the name of genetic cell division?

meiosis

what is the cell cycle?

continuous cycle of phases characterized by structures of the chromosomes which contain DNA

what is the growth period of cell between divisions?

growth period of cell between divisions

are chromosomes visible during interphase?

no

G1 phase

pre-DNA phase (first growth)

S phase

DNA synthesis and replication

G2 phase

post-DNA phase (second growth) gap between synthesis and mitosis

what happens during prophase?

nucleus swells; DNA (chromosomes) become more visible

what happens during metaphase?

chromosomes line up on equator of cell; great for viewing chromosomes

what is anaphase?

each chromosome splits at centromere; ends migrate. to the poles of nucleus

what is anaphase?

each chromosome splits at centromere; ends migrate to the poles of nucleus

what happens during telophase?

chromosomes disappear into DNA; new nuclear membranes form 2 separate nuclei; cytoplasm divides into 2 equal parts for each nucleus (cytokinesis)

what is the end result of mitosis?

two daughter cells exactly like mother cell

which one— meiosis or mitosis has no S phase?

meiosis

how many chromosomes does meiosis begin with?

46

why does meiosis need to reduce its number to 23?

in order to join another sex cell

what is the end result of meiosis?

4 daughter cells with half (23) chromosomes of the mother or father cell