COMSCI 1100 UNIT 2

IBM System/360 series

Family of computers and their peripherals which are mutually compatible and all worked together.

John von Neumann machine

Developed a concept of storing a program in memory.

Main Memory (RAM)

where data and numerous programs are currently being executed by the CPU are stored.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

A series of related technologies that tries to simulate and reproduce human behavior including thinking, speaking, reasoning.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

Developed for calculating artillery firing tables.

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

First electronic computer to use stored program concept.

Napier Bones

small instrument made of 10 rods on which multiplication table was engraved.

Joseph Marie Jacquard

He invented a loom that used punch cards to control patterns into woven cloth (1801)

Abacus

derived from the Arabic word ‘ abaq which means ‘ dust.

Blaise Pascal

He invented the first mechanical adding machine called Pascaline (1642)

Secondary Memory

It provides stable storage for both programs and data in a longer period of time.

Microprocessor

Built onto a single piece of silicon, known as chip; about 0.5 cm long and not more than 0.05cm thick.

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)

It is a machine to run the first successful program.

Colossus

Worlds first electronic digital computer used to decode intercepted message.

Second generation computers

What computer generation moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic or assembly language which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words?

Apple II

One of the first highly successful mass- produced microcomputer products.

Sand Tables

It is known to be the earliest device for computation that consists of three groves in the sand with a maximum of 10 pebbles in each groove.

Howard Aiken

He led the designing of MARK I (1937). He also improved Babbages machine and his machine was considered the first electronic machine using thousands of relays.

Apple Lisa (1983)

First commercial personal computer to use graphical user interface with 1MB RAM, 12 inch black monitor, 2 5 ¼ floppy disk driver, 5MB of profile hard drive and used Motorola 680000 microprocessor.

electronic circuits

Consist of the ________ which are necessary to perform a variety of operations on the data.

Difference Engine

It is used to computer table of numbers using naval navigation and can only add & subtract.

Disk drives

They are also known as mass storage devices because of their capacity to store relatively large amounts of data and many programs.

Transistor

It was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s.

CRAY I

A supercomputer designed, manufactured and marketed by Cray Research.

Third generation of computers

Integrated Circuits was the hallmark of what generation of computers?

Mega Chips

Computers will use Super Large- Scale Integrated chips.

Input Output Devices

used in getting and displaying information.

Parallel Processing

Computers will use multiple processors and perform ________ thereby accessing several instructions at one time and working at the same time.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

defined as the major component of a computer.

UNIT 2.1

Computer History

Sand Tables

It is known to be the earliest device for computation, it consists of three groves in the sand with a maximum of 10 pebbles in each groove

Abacus

derived from the Arabic word ‘abaq which means ‘dust. It consists of sliding beads arranged on a rack.

Upper and lower part

Abacus consists of sliding beads arranged on a rack which has two parts.

Napier Bones

A small instrument made of 10 rods on which multiplication table was engraved

Slide Ruler

jointly devised by Edmund Gunter & William Oughtred

Blaise Pascal

He invented the first mechanical adding machine called Pascaline (1642)

Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

He improved Pascals machine

Joseph Marie Jacquard

He invented a loom that used punch cards to control patterns into woven cloth (1801)

Charles Babbage

Father of Modern Computer

Difference Engine

 used to computer table of numbers using naval navigation and can only add & subtract

Analytical Engine

general purpose machine

Herman Hollerith

Invented one of the first commercial machine which used punch card to tabulate and process the data collected

AB Computer (Atasoft Berry Computer)

First electronic computing machine, which introduced the idea of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory and logic circuits

Colossus

Worlds first electronic digital computer used to decode intercepted message

John von Neumann machine

Developed a concept of storing a program in memory

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

Developed for calculating artillery firing tables

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

First electronic computer to use stored program concept

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)

Machine to run the first successful program

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)

First commercially available computer

Transistor

it was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s

Integrated Circuits

it was the hallmark of the third generation of computers

IBM System/360 series

Family of computers and their peripherals which are mutually compatible and all worked together

PDP 8

Developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)

Microprocessor

Built onto a single piece of silicon, known as chip; about 0.5 cm long and not more than 0.05cm thick

Large Scale Integration (LSI)

Approximately 180 transistors

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)

Approximately 275,000 transistors

Altair 8800 (1975)

Developed by MITS (Mirco Instrumentation Telemetry Systems)

Apple II

One of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products

CRAY I

A supercomputer designed, manufactured and marketed by Cray Research

Apple Lisa (1983)

First commercial personal computer to use graphical user interface with 1MB RAM, 12 inch black monitor, 2 5 ¼ floppy disk driver, 5MB of profile hard drive and used Motorola 680000 microprocessor

‘Lisa

stood for ‘Local Integrated Software Architecture

Fifth Generation

Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)

Mega Chips

Computers will use Super Large-Scale Integrated chips

Parallel Processing

Computers will use multiple processors and perform parallel processing thereby accessing several instructions at one time and working at the same time

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

A series of related technologies that tries to simulate and reproduce human behavior including thinking, speaking, reasoning

UNIT 2.2

Computer System and its Components

Computer System

defined as general purpose information processing machine

Hardware

tangible parts

Software

intangible parts; data and programs

Computer Hardware

physical machine, consisting of mechanical parts and electronic circuits

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

defined as the major component of a computer. also known as the processor or the electronic brain

Main Memory (RAM)

where data and numerous programs are currently being executed by the CPU are stored

Secondary Memory

provides stable storage for both programs and data in a longer period of time

Disk drives

are also known as mass storage devices because of their capacity to store relatively large amounts of data and many programs

Input/Output Devices

used in getting and displaying information

Input unit

inputs the data and programs for computer processing

Storage unit

stores the input data and programs

Processing unit  

conducts calculations on the input data and controls input

Output unit

output the result of computer processing in a certain format

Computer Software

set of computer programs and algorithms that tells the

computer what to do and how to do it.

1. System Software
2. Programming Software
3. Application Software

What are the three categories of Computer Software?

Control Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit and Registers

What are the major components of CPU?

1. Central Processing Unit
2. Main Memory (RAM)
3. Secondary Memory (HDD, SDD)
4. Peripherals (I/O devices)

What are the major units of Computer Hardware?

1. Keyboards
2. Pointing Devices
3. Sensors
4. Remote Control
5. Card Readers

Examples of input devices

1. Printers/Plotters
2. Monitors

Examples of output devices

Input data
CPU
Main Memory
Output Data

Basic Computer Architecture