Book2022 التعديل الاول (1)

Psychiatric symptoms

________ and signs are not easily measured by laboratory tests, so there is no fine line between what is normal and what is not.

Selective inattention

________: blocking out stimuli that generate anxiety.

Psychomotor retardation

________: decreased motor and cognitive activity as observed in slowing of thought, speech and movements.

Non declarative

________ (implicit) memory: Information in this type of memory can not be described and they are learned and stored as procedural memory (skills, habits, conditioned responses)

Phobia

________: fear that is related to a particular object or situation.3.

Verbigeration

________: This is meaningless and stereotyped repetition of specific words or phrases.

Mannerisms

________: repeated, habitual movements that appear to have some functional significance (e.g., saluting)

Schizophrenia

________ is associated with identifiable dysfunctions in dopamine, serotonin and possibly other neurotransmitter systems.

Tics

________: involuntary, irregular, repeated simple movements involving a group of muscles (e.g.

Psychomotor agitation

________: physical and mental over activity, in response to anxiety, inner tension or turmoil.

Inappropriate

________ affect (incongruity of affect): disharmony between expressed affect and the associated thought or situation.

Erotomania

________ (delusion of love): A false belief that someone is deeply in love with the patient.

Stereotypy

________: repeated complex movements that are regular (unlike tics) and without obvious functional significance (unlike mannerisms), e.g., rocking to and from.

Dream

________- like state (oneroid or twilight state): It is a state of disturbed consciousness associated with dreamlike imagery or hallucinations.

Perseveration

________: Persistent repetition of the same response to different stimuli (e.g.

F Catatonic Excitement

________: agitated, purposeless motor activity uninfluenced by external stimuli (often violent)

Elation

________: elevated mood with feelings of joy, euphoria and intense self- satisfaction and optimism.

Circumstantiality

________: (Observed in mania, obsessive disorders and dementia) Thinking and speech proceed slowly with frequent shifts to side issues and unnecessary details but finally reaches the central idea or goal.

Deviation

________ from normality may be considered as an exaggeration of a normal mood or behavior such as anxiety or depression.

a Distractibility

Disorders of Attention: ________: inability to focus and maintain attention where attention is drawn to unimportant or irrelevant stimuli.

Clang

________ associations: Association of words similar in sound, not in meaning (may include rhyming)

Fear

________: unpleasant emotional state in response to a realistic threat or danger.

grammatical connection

Thoughts or words run together with absolute no logical or ________ resulting in disorganization.

Disorientation

________: disturbed orientation to time, place or person and is usually related to disturbed consciousness eg.

G Negativism

________: motiveless resistance or opposition to outside suggestions or efforts to be moved, or doing the opposite of what is asked.

Ecstasy

________: feeling of intense elation (usually happens with substance use) B.

Flat affect

________ (apathy): absence or near absence of any signs of emotional expression or responsivity.

time consuming

They are ________ and associated with distress and anxiety that increases when the person resists them.

Depersonalization

________ and Derealization: Disturbed perception of oneself or the surrounding environment: a. ________: the person perceives himself, his body, or body parts as different, unreal, or unfamiliar.

Nominal aphasia

________: It is difficulty in finding the correct name for an object.

J Echopraxia

________: pathological imitation of the movement of one person by another.

C Hypervigilance

________ (hyperprosexia): excessive attention and focus on all internal and external stimuli.

NB

________: Compulsions: Suppose the obsessive thought urges the patient to perform a certain act to reduce anxiety, and the patient engages in the act repetitively.

B

________- Affect: usually used to indicate the subjective and immediate "short lived "or transient experience of emotion.

drowsiness

Somnolence: It is excessive sleepiness or ________.

Delusions of influence

________ & control (Passivity phenomena): A false belief where the patient experiences outside control or interference with his thoughts, feelings or behavior.

participants

The ________ span is the longest number of sequential digits that can accurately be remembered.

A Delusions

________: A delusion is a false fixed belief.

expression

Blunted affect: severe reduction in the intensity of emotional ________ and responsivity.

psychological illness

It is concerned with the diagnosis and management of psychiatric and ________ in general medical and surgical populations.

Incoherence

________: This is a severe degree of loosening of association.

Symptoms

________ that indicate excessively pleasant moods: Euphoria: exaggerated feeling of well- being that is inappropriate to real events.

external expression

It also refers to the ________ or observed aspect of emotions.

Hypermnesia

________: Exaggerated degree of retention and recall.

Volubility

________: excessive but coherent and logical speech.

Anhedonia

________: lack of the ability to experience pleasure and loss of interest in all regular pleasurable activities (it is a symptom of depression)

Paramnesia

________: It is falsification or distortion of recalled memories.

Illusions

________: It is the misinterpretation of real external sensory stimuli (e.g., mistaking a rope for a snake)

abnormal conditions

Distraction occurs in a wide variety of normal and ________.

Ambivalence

________: Coexistence of two opposing affects or impulses toward the same object at the same time.

In psychiatry, a person is considered abnormal (disordered) if he displays two major characteristics

1

Though knowledge in this area is still limited, certain facts have been indicated

i

To conclude

Etiology of mental disorders is multifactorial

They include the following

Adult Psychiatry; a branch of psychiatry dealing with the study, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in in adults, i.e, after adolescence and before old age

Psychiatric Symptoms and Signs Psychiatric Symptoms and Signs are classified into

I

Illusions

It is the misinterpretation of real external sensory stimuli (e.g., mistaking a rope for a snake)

Hallucinations

Hallucination is a false perception in the absence of any external stimulus

Varieties

A Voice talking to the patient (2nd person), i.e

Visual Hallucinations

Most common in organic mental conditions, (e.g., delirium, substance intoxication or withdrawal)

c. Tactile Hallucinations

False perception of touch

d. Olfactory (smell) and Gustatory (taste) Hallucinations

Most common in organic conditions, e.g., temporal lobe epilepsy

e. Gustatory Hallucinations

Most common in organic conditions, e.g., temporal lobe epilepsy

f. Somatic Hallucinations

False sensation of things occurring in the body (mostly visceral)

b. Derealization

the person perceives the external world, objects, or people as different, strange, or unreal

Disorders of Thinking These are classified into

A

The following are the most common types

1

Loosening of associations

Shifting between unrelated and unconnected ideas and subjects

Incoherence

This is a severe degree of loosening of association

Word Salad

This is extreme incoherence, i.e

Verbigeration

This is meaningless and stereotyped repetition of specific words or phrases

Perseveration

Persistent repetition of the same response to different stimuli (e.g

Neologism

New words invented by the patient (often by combining syllables of other words)

Clang associations

Association of words similar in sound, not in meaning (may include rhyming)

Flight of ideas

(Typically occurs in mania) Rapid continuous flow of thoughts and speech with constant shifting from one idea to another

Circumstantiality

(Observed in mania, obsessive disorders and dementia) Thinking and speech proceed slowly with frequent shifts to side issues and unnecessary details but finally reaches the central idea or goal

Blocking

(Observed in Schizophrenia and severe anxiety) Sudden arrest of the train of thought before a thought or idea is finished leaving a "blank" or "empty mind"

A. Delusions

A delusion is a false fixed belief

Delusions may be

a

Delusion of persecution

A false belief is that one is being harassed, cheated or persecuted

Delusion of grandeur (grandiosity)

A false belief of exaggerated ones importance, power or identity

Delusion of reference

A false belief that the behavior of others refers to the patient, e.g

Nihilistic delusion

A false belief that self, others or the world is nonexistent or that some part of body does not exist

Somatic delusion

A false belief involving functioning of the body (e.g., that the brain is rotting or melting) or that some sensations are not there (eg

Hypochondriacal delusion

A false belief, against all medical evidence, that one is suffering from a disease

Delusion of infidelity (delusional jealousy)

A false belief (derived from jealousy) that ones lover or spouse is unfaithful

Erotomania (delusion of love)

A false belief that someone is deeply in love with the patient

Delusions of influence & control (Passivity phenomena)

A false belief where the patient experiences outside control or interference with his thoughts, feelings or behavior

Delusions concerning the possession of thoughts

i

Thought insertion

A delusion that thoughts are being implanted in ones mind by other people or forces

Thought withdrawal

This is a delusion that thoughts are being removed from ones mind by other people or forces

Thought broadcasting

A delusion that ones thoughts can be heard by others as if they were being broadcast into the air

B. Obsessions

Obsessions are recurrent, persistent thoughts, impulses or images that cannot be eliminated from consciousness by logic or reasoning, although the person is aware that they are unreasonable, absurd, and alien to him (ego-dystonic)

Volubility

excessive but coherent and logical speech

Poverty of speech

It is restriction in the amount of speech

Poverty of content of speech (poverty of thought)

Speech is normal in amount but conveys little meaningful information (because of vagueness, emptiness or stereotyped phrases)

Stuttering and stammering

Stuttering is frequent repetition of syllables. Stammering is prolongation of consonants, especially letter "m"

Dysarthria

It is difficulty in articulation. It is seen in organic disorders (peripheral upper or lower motor diseases)

Aphasia

It is disturbance in language output caused by brain lesion

i. Nonfluent aphasia (motor, expressive)

The patient can understand spoken and written language but cannot express himself in proper words

Fluent aphasia (sensory, receptive)

The patient cannot comprehend or understand the meaning of words