AP Psychology BYU Final

B

Albert Bandura observed that learning is not as laborious or hazardous if we learn from observing what others do and how they get rewarded. His theory of Social Learning stresses the importance of vicarious learning of others' rewards and punishments. He also recognized that people who believe their efforts will be successful and that they are in control have greater levels of _______________.

positive reinforcement

A.self-actualization

B.self-efficacy

C.modeling

D. unconditional positive regard

E. Positive Reinforcement

D

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, salivation to meat was the

A.UCS

B.CR

C.CS

D.UCR

C

Operant conditioning is to __________ as classical conditioning is to __________.

A. Pavlov; Watson

B. Skinner; Bandura

C. Skinner; Pavlov

D. Pavlov; Skinner

D

Punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because

A.behavior is not forgotten and may return

B.punishing stimuli often creates fear

C.punishment often increases aggressiveness

D.of all of these reasons

B

Visual sensory memory is referred to as

A.photo memory

B.iconic memory

C.echoic memory

D.semantic memory

D

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) __________ stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) __________ stimulus.

A.unconditioned; conditioned

B.conditioned; unconditioned

C.conditioned; neutral

D.neutral; conditioned

D

Lewis cannot remember the details of the torture he experienced as a prisoner of war.According to Freud, Lewis's failure to remember these painful memories is an example of:

A.state-dependent memory

B.flashbulb memory

C.retrieval failure

D.repression

E.implicit memory

E

In which of the following may classical conditioning play a role?

A.emotional problems

B.helping drug addicts

C.the body's immune system

D.animals adaptation to the environment

E.all the above

D

Fishing is reinforced according to which schedule?

A.fixed-interval schedule

B.fixed-ratio schedule

C.continuous reinforcement

D.partial (intermittent) reinforcement

E

The process of encoding refers to

A.the persistence of learning over time.

B.the motivated forgetting of painful memories

C.the recall of information previously learned

D.a clear memory of an emotionally significant event

E.getting information into memory

E

According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words, you should have the greatest difficulty with those

A.at the beginning of the list

B.at the end and in the middle of the list

C.at the end of the list

D.at the beginning and the end of the list

E.in the middle of the list

E

When a conditional stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, __________will soon take place.

A.spontaneous recovery

B.discrimination

C.generalization

D.aversion

E.extinction

E

Studies of amnesics suggest that

A.memory losses following brain trauma are unpredictable

B.brain trauma eliminates the ability to learn

C.memory is a single, unified system

D.there are three distinct types of memory

E.there are two distinct types of memory

E

The biggest objection to behaviorism, as Skinner approached it, has been that some claim that he dehumanized people and sought to control their behaviors. In his writings and practice, he did not acknowledge

A.internal thoughts

B.personal feelings

C.religion

D.all of these

E.a and b

C

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the meat served as a

A.CR

B.UCR

C.UCS

D.CS

D

One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that

A.in classical conditioning, the responses operate on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli

B.in operant conditioning, the responses are triggered by preceding stimuli

C.in operant conditioning, the responses are reflexive

D.in classical conditioning, the responses are automatically elicited by stimuli

B

The three steps in memory information processing are

A.input, processing, output

B.encoding, storage, retrieval

C.encoding, retrieval, storage

D.input, storage, retrieval

E.input, storage, output

B

You are expecting an important letter in the mail. As the regular delivery time approaches, you glance more and more frequently out the window, searching for the letter carrier. Your behavior in this situation typifies that associated with which schedule of reinforcement?

A.variable-ratio

B.fixed-interval

C.variable-interval

D.fixed-ratio

D

To maintain information briefly in short-term memory it must be __________ first.

A.rehearsed

B.retrieved

C.iconic or echoic

D.encoded

E

Which of the following is not a negative reinforcer?

A.letting your little brother have more computer time so he'll stop nagging you

B.putting on a car seat belt to end the buzzing

C.taking a pain-killing medication to relieve body aches

D.waking up to turn the alarm clock off

E.scolding a child when going across the street without looking both ways

A

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

A.so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned

B.it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning

C.it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning

D.of all the above reasons

D

A response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being

A.punished

B.positively reinforced

C.extinguished

D.negatively reinforced

D

For operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired purpose?

A.at least a half hour before

B.immediately before

C.at the same time

D.immediately after

E.in any of the above sequences

B

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of

A.cognitive processes

B.observable behavior

C.genetic predispositions

D.all the above

E

Although much of our development is determined by the biology of our innate wiring and maturation, a behaviorist like Ivan Pavlov or B. F. Skinner would tell us that our development is largely a product of _______________.

A.conditioned stimuli

B.conditioned responses

C.negative reinforcers

D.positive reinforcers

E.earning

B

To help him remember the order of ingredients in difficult recipes, master chef Giulio often associates them with the route he walks to work each day. Giulio is using which mnemonic technique?

A.chunking

B.the method of loci

C.acronyms

D.peg-word system

D

One reason that your ability to detect fine visual details is greatest when scenes are focused on the fovea of your retina is that

A,there are more feature detectors in the fovea than in the peripheral regions of the retina

B.cones in the fovea are nearer to the optic nerve than those in peripheral regions of the retina

C.many rods, which are clustered in the fovea, have individual bipolar cells to relay their information to the cortex

D.many cones, which are clustered in the fovea, have individual bipolar cells to relay their information to the cortex

B

During which stage of sleep does the body experience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and genital arousal?

A.stage 2

B.REM sleep

C.stage 4

D.stage 3

A

As we move, viewed objects cast changing shapes on our retinas, although we do not perceive the objects as changing. This is part of the phenomenon of

A.perceptual consistency

B.relative motion

C.continuity

D.linear perspective

D

Most color-deficient people will probably

A.see the world in only black and white

B.have above-average vision to compensate for the deficit

C.also suffer from poor vision

D.lack functioning red- or green-sensitive cones

D

Given normal sensory ability, a person can hear a watch ticking in a silent room from twenty feet away. This is a description of hearing's

A.JND

B.difference threshold

C.signal detection

D.absolute threshold

B

According to Freud, dreams are

A.the result of random neural activity in the brainstem

B.symbolic fulfillment of erotic wishes

C.the brain's mechanism for self-stimulation

D.transparent representations of the individual's conflicts

B

The inner ear contains receptors for

A.audition, kinesthesis, and the vestibular sense

B.audition and the vestibular sense

C.kinesthesis and the vestibular sense

D.audition and kinesthesis

B

Which of the following is not a monocular depth cue?

A.light and shadow

B.retinal disparity

C.relative height

D.texture gradient

E.interposition

D

The modern discovery of hypnosis is generally attributed to

A.Spanos

B.Freud

C.Hilgard

D.Mesmer

A

When we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image, providing a depth cue known as

A.retinal disparity

B.linear perspective

C.relative motion

D.convergence

D

Alcohol has a profound effect on

A.all of these

B.immediate memory

C.previously established long-term memories

D.the transfer of experiences to long-term memory

C

Which of the following is/are classified as a depressant?

A.marijuana

B.amphetamines

C.alcohol

D.LSD

E.PCP

D

The Young-Helmholtz theory proposes that

A.rod, not cone, vision accounts for our ability to detect fine visual detail

B.retinal cells are excited by one color and inhibited by its complimentary color

C.there are four different types of cones

D.there are three different types of color-sensitive cones

A

_________________ processing refers to how the physical characteristics of stimuli influence their interpretation.

A.Bottom-up

B.Parapyschological

C.Human factors

D.Top-down

C

According to the opponent-process theory,

A.there are three types of color-sensitive cones

B.the process of color vision begins in the cortex

C.neurons involved in color vision are stimulated by one color's wavelength and inhibited by another's

D.all of these are true

D

Dr. Frankenstein has forgotten to give his monster an important part; as a result, the monster cannot transduce sound. Dr. Frankenstein has omitted the

A.semicircular canals

B.middle ear

C.eardrum

D.basilar membrane

A

The process by which the lens changes its curvature is

A.accommodation

B.focusing

C.sensory adaptation

D.transduction

C

Sensation is to _______________ as perception is to ________________.

A.interpreting a stimulus; detecting a stimulus

B.seeing; hearing

C.detecting a stimulus; recognizing a stimulus

D.recognizing a stimulus; interpreting a stimulus

A

You probably perceive the diagram below as three separate objects due to the principles of

O-O O-O O-O

A.connectedness

B.closure

C.continuity

D.proximity

C

When our __________ is disrupted, we experience jet lag.

A.REM sleep

B.stage 4 sleep

C.circadian rhythm

D.stage 1 sleep

E.daydreaming

C

The figure-ground relationship has demonstrated that

A.different people see different things when viewing a scene

B.perception is simply a point-for-point representation of sensation

C.the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception

D.perception is largely innate

D

As a form of therapy for relieving problems such as headaches, hypnosis is

A.highly effective

B.more effective with adults than children

C.ineffective

D.no more effective than positive suggestions given without hypnosis

E

Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which sound travels after entering the ear?

A.eardrum, auditory canal, middle ear, cochlea

B.eardrum, middle ear, cochlea, auditory canal

C.cochlea, eardrum, middle ear, auditory canal

D.auditory canal, middle ear, eardrum, cochlea

E.auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea

E

A person who requires increasing amounts of a drug in order to feel its effect is said to have developed

A.resistance

B.withdrawal symptoms

C.physical dependency

D.psychological dependency

E.tolerance

C

In order to maximize your sensitivity to fine visual detail, you should

A.decrease the intensity of the light falling upon the object

B.close one eye

C.stare directly at the object

D.stare off to one side of the object you are attempting to see

A

If you can notice the difference between 10- and 11-pound weights, which of the following weights could you differentiate from a 100-pound weight?

A.110-pound weight

B.There is no basis for prediction

C.101-pound weight

D.105-pound weight

D

The sensation experienced when eating spicy foods is wonderful for some, tear-producing for others, and moderate for others. The experience of spiciness is a combination of

a.bitter and salty

b.sweet and bitter

c.smell and salty

d.smell and pain

e.smell and bitter

E

When the mean of a distribution of scores or measures is higher than the median, the distribution will be

A.negatively skewed

B.unpredictable

C.abnormally deviant

D.symmetrical

E.positively skewed

C

In a resting state, the axon is

A.depolarized, with mostly negatively charged ions outside and positively charged ions inside

B.depolarized, with mostly positively charged ions outside and negatively charged ions inside

C.polarized, with mostly positively charged ions outside and negatively charged ions inside

D.polarized, with mostly negatively charged ions outside and positively charged ions inside

B

Insecurely attached infants who are left by their mothers in an unfamiliar setting often will

A,hold fast to their mothers on their return

B.be indifferent toward their mothers on their return

C.display little emotion at anytime

D.explore the new surroundings confidently

B

Adoption studies show that the personalities of adopted children

A.closely match those of their adoptive parents

B.bear more similarities to those of their biological parents than to those of their adoptive parents

C.closely match those of biological children of the adoptive parents

D.closely match those of other children reared in the same home, whether or not they are biologically related

C

My sibling and I developed from a single fertilized egg. What are we?

A.opposite sex fraternal twins

B.same-sex fraternal twins

C.same-sex identical twins

D.opposite sex identical twins

B

The brain research technique that involves monitoring the brain's usage of glucose is called (in abbreviated form) a(n)

A.MRI

B.PET scan

C.EEG

D.CT scan

D

The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is

A.Piaget

B.Freud

C.Harlow

D.Erikson

E.Vygotsky

D

Which of the following are governed by the simplest neural pathways?

A.physiological drives, such as hunger

B.emotions

C.balance

D.reflexes

E.movements, such as walking

C

When a difference between two groups is "statistically significant," this means that

A.the difference is statistically real but of little practical significance

B.the difference is probably the result of sampling variation

C.the difference is not likely to be due to chance variation

D.all of the above are true

C

The philosophical views of John Locke are to those of René Descartes as _________ is to ___________.

A.irrationality; rationality

B.rationality; irrationality

C.nurture; nature

D.nature; nurture

A

Gender refers to

A.the biological and social definition of male and female

B.the extent to which one exhibits traditionally male or female traits

C.one's sense of being male or female

D.the biological definition of male and female

A

Based on research, which of the following seems true about the specialized functions of the right and left hemispheres?

A.Most complex activities emerge from the integrated activity of both hemispheres.

B.They are more clear-cut in men than in women.

C.Most complex tasks emerge from the activity of one or the other hemispheres.

D.They are more clear-cut in women than in men

D

A neuron will generate action potentials more often when it

A.remains below its threshold

B.is stimulated by a hormone

C.is stimulated by a neurotransmitter

D.receives more excitatory than inhibitory inputs

E.receives an excitatory input

C

Though there is no single "control center" for emotions, their regulation is primarily attributed to the brain region known as the

A.cerebral cortex

B.brainstem

C.limbic system

D.reticular formation

C

Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse?

A.dendrite—axon—cell body—synapse

B.axon—dendrite—cell body—synapse

C.dendrite—cell body—axon—synapse

D.axon—synapse—cell body—dendrite

E.synapse—axon—dendrite—cell body

A

Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a simple reflex?

A.sensory neuron—interneuron—motor neuron

B.interneuron—sensory neuron—motor neuron

C.sensory neuron—interneuron—sensory neuron

D.interneuron—motor neuron—sensory neuron

D

In order to determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group of subjects is given a pill that contains the drug. A second group is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. This second group constitutes the

A.experimental group

B.test group

C.random sampling

D.control group

B

If a student scored higher than 75 percent of the other students taking the same test, you know that the student

A.ranked seventy-fifth from the top scoring student

B.obtained a percentile rank of seventy-five on the test she took

C.scored 75 percent lower than the highest student's score

D.scored 75 percent higher than the lowest student's score

answered 75 percent of the questions accurately

C

Stranger anxiety develops at the same time as

A.a theory of mind

B.egocentrism

C.the concept of object permanence

D.the concept of conservation

A

Of the following, the best way to separate the effects of genes and environment in research is to study

A.identical twins raised in different environments

B.adopted children and their adopted parents

C.fraternal twins

D.identical twins

B

The first psychology laboratory was established by ________ in the year ____________.

A.James; 1890

B.Wundt; 1879

C.Watson; 1913

D.Freud; 1900

A

Heartbeat, digestion, and other self-regulating bodily functions are governed by the

A.autonomic nervous system

B.somatic nervous system

C.sympathetic nervous system

D.voluntary nervous system

E.central nervous system

B

In a test on the effects of air pollution, groups of students performed a reaction-time task in either a polluted or an unpolluted room. Students in the unpolluted room were exposed to ____________ conditions.

A.experimental

B.control

C.dependent

D.randomly assigned

C

Which of the following is typically controlled by the left hemisphere?

A.perceptual skills

B.the left side of the body

C.arithmetic reasoning

D.spatial reasoning

D

Which of the following is not a correct description of a brain research technique?

A.Using an MRI to examine the brain's structure.

B.Using an EEG to record the brain's electrical activity.

C.Using a CT scan to examine the brain's structure.

D.Using a PET scan to examine the brain's structure.

C

Which of the following is the measure of central tendency that would be most affected by a few extreme scores?

A.median

B.mode

C.mean

D.range

E

Which is the correct sequence of stages in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A.sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational

B.preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational

C.sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational

D.preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational

E.sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

D

Analyzing different strategies and approaches used in studying, learning, memorizing, therapy, perception, loving, or any human process is exciting and intriguing. This "thinking about thinking" appears to be unique to humans. This process is called

A.interactive introspeaction

B.soul searching

C.intelligence

D.metacognition

E.parapsychology

D

Adolescence is marked by the onset of

A.an identity crisis

B.parent-child conflict

C.the concrete operational stage

D.puberty

B

What is the median of the following distribution of scores: 10, 7, 5, 11, 8, 6, 9?

A.6

B.8

C.7

D.9

B

A person's general ability to think abstractly is called intelligence. This ability is ________ and generally ________ with age.

A.crystallized; increases

B.fluid; decreases

C.crystallized; decreases

D.fluid; increases

C

Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?

A.Locke

B.Plato

C.Descartes

D.Aristotle

C

A bodybuilder friend suddenly seems to have grown several inches in height. You suspect that your friend's growth spurt has occurred because he has been using drugs that affect the

A.cerebellum

B.thalamus

C.pititary gland

D.adrenal glads

E.medulla

D

Which of the following is typically controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain?

A.arithmetic reasoning

B.language

C.learned voluntary movements

D.perceptual tasks

A

The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment's results is called

A.random assignment

B.stratification

C.variable conditioning

D.representative sampling

B

Which of the following perspectives describes the process of natural selection that preserves traits that enhance an organism's ability to adapt and diminishes its traits that are not adaptive?

A.psychodynamic perspective

B.evolutionary perspective

C.neuroscience perspective

D.behavior-genetics perspective

E.social-cultural perspective

D

During which stage of cognitive development do children acquire object permanence?

A.formal operational

B.concrete operational

C.preoperational

D.sensorimotor

A

According to Erikson, the central psychological challenges pertaining to adolescence, young adulthood, and middle age, respectively, are

A.identity formation; intimacy; generativity

B.intimacy; identity formation; generativity

C.generativity; intimacy; identity formation

D.identity formation; generativity; intimacy

E.intimacy; generativity; identity formation

A

The term "critical period" refers to

A.a restricted time for learning

B.prenatal development

C.the preoperational stage

D.the initial 2 hours after a child's birth

B

Which of the following research strategies would be best for determining whether alcohol impairs memory?

A.natualistic observation

B.experiment

C.case study

D.survey

A

In an experiment to determine the effects of exercise on motivation, exercise is the

A.independent variable

B.intervening variable

C.control condition

D.dependent variable

A

What is the mode of the following distribution of scores: 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 14?

A.4

B.2

C.15

D.6

D

Which of the following most accurately expresses the extent of parental influence on personality?

A.It is almost completely unpredictable.

B.It is weaker today than in the past.

C.It is more extensive than most people believe.

D.It is more limited than popular psychology supposes.

D

In preconventional morality, the person

A.follows the dictates of his or her conscience

B.conforms to gain social approval

C.obeys out of a sense of social duty

D.obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards

D

The cross-sectional method

A.studies the same group of people at different times

B.is more appropriate than the longitudinal method for studying intellectual change over the life span

C.tends to paint too favorable a picture of the effects of aging on intelligence

D.compares people of different ages with one another

C

Which of the following is correct?

A.Early maturation places both boys and girls at a distinct social advantage.

B.Early maturing girls are more popular and self-assured than girls who mature late.

C.Early maturing boys are more popular and self-assured then boys who mature late.

D.Early maturation places both boys and girls at a distinct social disadvantage.

D

Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the

A.concrete operational stage

B.formal operational stage

C.sensorimotor stage

D.preoperational stage