chapter 8 sike

Emotions

raw data

• Involves a temporary state that includes unique subjective experiences and physiological activity, and that prepares people for action (short-lived)

Appraisal

• to refer to conscious or unconscious evaluations and interpretations of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus or event

• Conscious or unconscious evaluations and interpretations of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus or event

Action tendencies

• Readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-relevant behaviors

facial feedback hypothesis

• emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they typically signify

• Facial expressions can trigger emotional feelings and signal our body to respond accordingly

• People also mimic others’ expressions, which help them empathize

smiling with pencil makes you happier

universality hypothesis

• all emotional expressions mean the same thign to all people in all places at all times

Emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone; originally proposed by Darwin

display rules

Norms for the control of appropriate emotional expression

Motivation

An inferred process that energizes and directs behavior
purposeful action

 internal causes of purposeful behavior

Evolutionary theory

 an instinct is an innate, species-specific biological force that impels an organism to do somethingt

Arousal Theory

Motivated to seek right levels of stimulation people experience both high and low levels of arousal as unpleasant

Each person tries to maintain a steady level of stimulation. 

Individuals have a unique "best" level of arousal they strive to maintain; essentially, if someone feels too relaxed, they might seek stimulation, and if they feel too stimulated, they might seek calming activities to reach their ideal level

High sensation seekers produce less cortisol and higher levels of dopamine.

Drive reduction theory

A state of readiness; internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality

body trying to go back to homeostassis

ex thirst hunger

Incentive Theory

Goal Attainment [Extrinsic Motivation (external) to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward and Intrinsic Motivation (internal) to take actions that are themselves rewarding]

intrinsic motivation

motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

I.e. eating a potato chip because it tastes good or riding a bicycle because it feels good, etc.

Motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

Extrinsic motivation

 Motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward
may undermine intrinsic rewards

Brushing your teeth to avoid cavities, work hard for money, etc.

Self determination theory

SDT is a psychological theory that focuses on intrinsic motivation and the importance of three key needs:

1. Autonomy: Feeling in control of your choices.

2. Competence: Feeling skilled and capable.

   1. Relatedness: Feeling connected to others.

The Yerkes-Dodson law 

in 1908. The law dictates that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point.

Hedonic Principle

Notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain; first argued by Plato and Aristotle

Emotion regulation

•  strategic people use to infleucnce their own emotional experience

  • People try to regulate emotions a lot, reporting at least once a day

 Use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one’s emotional experience

Reappraisal

Changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus