Gen final y10

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids

deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid 

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid

nucleotides

what does the prefix mono mean

one

what does the suffix mer mean

part

what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide

pentose sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group

what is the atomic composition and charge of a phosphate group

PO^₄-3

what is the symbol of a phosphate group

draw the structure of a phosphate group

what class of carbohydrate (sugar) has 5 carbon atoms

pentose sugar

what is the pentose sugar in DNA

deoxyribose

what is the pentose sugar in RNA

ribose

which carbon atom on the pentose sugar allows you to differentiate between deoxyribose and ribose

C2

What is bonded to C2 in deoxyribose

H

what is bonded to C2 in ribose

OH

what are the 2 categories of nitrogen bases

purines and pyrimidines

how many nitrogen rings are found in purines

2

how many nitrogen rings are found in pyrimidines

1

list the purines found in DNA

Adenine and Guanine

list the purines found in RNA

Adenine and Guanine

list the pyrimidines found in DNA

Cytosine and Thiamine

list the pyrimidines found in RNA

Cytosine and Uracil

how many nitrogen bases exist In nature

5

What did Chargaff measure

The amount of nitrogen bases in DNA

What is Chargaff’s rule

amount of A=T and amount of C=G

In a DNA nucleotide, what is bonded to C1

Nitrogen base (A,C,G, or T)

In a DNA nucleotide, what is bonded to C2

H

In a DNA nucleotide, what is bonded to C3

OH

In a DNA nucleotide, what is bonded to C4

C5

In a DNA nucleotide, what is bonded to C5

phosphate group

In a RNA nucleotide, what is bonded to C1

Nitrogen base (A,C,G, or U)

In a RNA nucleotide, what is bonded to C2

OH

In a RNA nucleotide, what is bonded to C3

OH

In a RNA nucleotide, what is bonded to C4

C5

In a RNA nucleotide, what is bonded to C5

phosphate group

Which scientist was the 1^st to visualize a DNA molecule

Rosalind Franklin

what is the shape of a DNA molecule

double helix

who was Franklin’s lab partner

maurice wilkens

what type of bond is found between nucleotides of opposite DNA strands

Hydrogen bond (h-bond)

what type of bond is found between nucleotides of the same DNA strand

Phosphodiester bond

what type of bond is a phosphodiester bond

covalent

which 2 scientists determined the molecular structure of a DNA molecule

Watson and crick

What award did Watson, Crick, and Wilkins win

Nobel prize

why didn’t Franklin receive the Nobel prize

she was dead, therefore ineligible

what did Nobel invent

dynamite

what was the first nobel prize

a peace prize

how many hydrogen bonds are located between Adenine and Thymine in a double-stranded DNA molecule

2

how many hydrogen bonds are located between Guanine and Cytosine in a double-stranded DNA/ RNA molecule

3

how many hydrogen bonds are located between Adenine and Uracil in a double-stranded RNA molecule

2

Hydrogen bonds form between ____ molecules

polar

What makes a molecule polar

have a positively charged pole (end) and one negatively charged pole

what causes unequal distribution of electrons between atoms

some atoms attract more electrons than others

Which atoms attract electrons more

N, O, P, S

Which atoms attract electrons less

C, H

Are hydrogen bonds weak or strong

weak

Under what circumstance are hydrogen bonds strong

in large amounts

what does bp stand for

base pair

what are the 2 types of bp in a double stranded DNA molecule

A&T and C&G

do bp involve nucleotides of the same strand or opposite strands

opposite strands

what type of bond is found between the nucleotides of a bp

Hydrogen bond

what type of bond forms when atoms share electrons-

covalent bonds

what type of reaction allows the formation of a phosphodiester bond

condensation rxn

what is another name for a condensation reaction

dehydration synthesis

what is the byproduct of a condensation reaction

H2O

what 2 parts of a nucleotide comprise a nucleoside

nitrogen base and pentose sugar

what is the name of the enzyme that makes DNA

DNA polymerase

what suffix do most enzymes end in

ase

what suffix do most carbohydrates (sugars) end in

ose

what specific bond is made by DNA polymerase

phosphodiester bond

what is the general name for a high energy bond

anhydride bond

what is the specific name for the high energy bond found between phosphate groups

phosphoanhydride bond

what is the symbol for an anhydride bond

~

DNA strands run in opposite directions, this is referred to as

antiparallel

the 2 strands of a DNA molecule are

complimentary and antiparallel

Name the 5 kingdoms

animalia, monera, plant, fungi, protista

name the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms

animalia, plant, fungi, protista

name the prokaryotic kingdom

monera

describe the genetic material in the nucleus of all eukaryotes

DNA, DS, linear

describe the genetic material in the nucleiod of all prokaryotes

DNA, DS, circular 

describe the genetic material of viruses

DS or SS, DNA or RNA, linear and circular

which type of organisms have a nucleus (prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or viruses)

eukaryotes

how many cells are in an adult human

100 trillion

how many chromosomes are in MOST human cells

46

genes are located on

chromosomes

how many genes are found in each human cell

21000

how many nucleotides make up the human genome

6 billion

how many bp make u the human genome

3 billion

how many feet of DNA is found in the nucleus of MOST human cells

6 feet

which type of human cell had no nucleus and therefore no DNA

Prokaryotic

which type of human cells have 23 chromosomes and 3 feet of DNA

sperm or egg cells

what is the scientific name of gametes located in females

ova

what is the scientific name of gametes located in males

sperm

 Chromo

color

Soma

the non-reproductive part of an organism

Chromosome

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

Where in the cell (2) are human chromosomes located

nucleus and mitochondria

Are human chromosomes single stranded or double stranded

double

What is the shape of human nuclear chromosomes

linear

What is the shape of the human mitochondrial chromosome

circular

Chromosomes are made of?

chromatin

Which 2 macromolecules comprise chromatin

DNA and proteins