ABPSYCH (UPDATED)

Psychological Dysfunction

refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

Distress

characterized by significant emotional pain, discomfort, or suffering.

Impairment

There is a disruption in functioning at work, school, or in social relationships.

Deviance

atypical behavior that is markedly different from societal or cultural norms

Psychological Disorder

psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

Psychopathology

scientific study of psychological disorders

Clinical/Counseling Psychologist

received Ph.D. and follow a course of graduate-level study

Psy.D

focus on clinical training and deemphasize or eliminates research training

Ph.D

it integrate clinical and research training

Psychiatrists

first earn an M.D. in med school, then specialize in Psychiatry

Presenting Problem/Presents

traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic

Clinical Description

represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder

Clinical

refers both to the types of problems or disorders that you would find in a clinic or hospital and to the activities connected with assessment and treatment to specify what makes the disorder different from normal behavior

Prevalence

it tells how many people in the population have/had the disorder?

Incidence

it tells how many new cases occurring during a given period?

Course

it refers to individual’s pattern of symptoms

Chronic Course

this means the disorder is long-lasting and persistent, possibly for lifetime.

Episodic Course

The disorder comes and goes.

Ex: a person may have a depressive episode, recover, then have another episode months or years later.

Time-Limited Course

The disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period with little or no risk or recurrence

Onset

refers to the beginning of the disorder

Acute Onset

this means that the Symptoms appear suddenly and quickly. The person may seem fine one day and suddenly show severe symptoms.

Insidious Onset

the symptoms develop gradually over time. It may start with small changes that slowly get worse.

Early Onset

Symptoms begin in childhood or adolescence

Late Onset

Symptoms appear in adulthood or later years

Prognosis

this refers to the likely outcome or future course of a disorder.

Etiology

the study of origins, has to do with why disorder begins or what causes it.

Ego-Syntonic

behaviors are aligned with your personal values and self-image

Ego-Dystonic

actions that are inconsistent with your ego

Nicholas Oresme

he suggested that melancholy (depression) was the source of some bizarre behavior, rather than demons

Mass Hysteria

whole groups of people were simultaneously compelled to run out in the streets, dance, shout, rave, and jump around in patterns as if they were a particularly wild party (Saint Vitus’s Dance and Tarantism)

Paracelsus

rejected the notions of possession and suggested that the movement of moon and starts had profound effects on people’s psychological functioning

Johann Weyer

used compassion and a pioneering approach to treat mental illness in the Netherlands during the time of witchcraft

Philippe Pinel

Famous for unchaining patient and introduced moral treatment rather than punishment in patients in France

William Tuke

he founded York Retreat and influenced the moral treatment movement in England.

Benjamin Rush

influenced the moral treatment movement in United States

Dorothea Dix

she campaigned for better conditions in asylums and the creation of mental hospitals in United States

John P. Grey

he believes that mental illness has physical (biological) causes and should be treated as a medical condition.

Emil Kraepelin

he created the first scientific classification system for mental illnesses. He made a famous distinction between:

• Dementia Praecox (now known as Schizophrenia)

  • Manic-Depressive Illness (now called Bipolar Disorder)

Hippocrates

Father of Modern Medicine

Hippocratic Corpus

it states that psychological disorder can be treated like any other disease.

Humoral Theory of Disorder

it states that disease resulted from too much or too little of one of the bodily fluids or humors.

Blood

humor that came from the heart; linked to Sanguine

Phlegm

humor that came from the brain; linked to Phlegmatic

Yellow Bile

humor that come from the liver; linked to Choleric

Black Bile

humor that came from the spleen; linked to Melancholic

Sanguine

characterized by Cheerful and active

Phlegmatic

characterized by Calm and sluggish

Choleric

characterized by Angry and aggressive

Melancholic

characterized by Sad and depressed

Manfred Sakel

used large doses of insulin to convulse and temporarily comatose patients (Insulin Shock Therapy)

Insulin Shock Therapy

In this, it was believed that shocking the brain through insulin-induced comas could somehow "reset" the mind and improve mental illness symptoms.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

involves sending small electrical currents through the brain to trigger a brief seizure. It's often used when other treatments for severe mental illnesses like major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder are not effective. 

Diathesis-Stress Model

it states that individuals inherit certain traits or behaviors that will make them more vulnerable to develop a disorder, which then is activated by stress. The higher vulnerability, the lesser life stress needed to trigger traits leading to disorder

Gene-Environment Correlation Model

people might have genetically determined tendency to create the environment risk factors that trigger a genetic vulnerability

Passive Gene-Environment Correlation

You inherit both genes and environment from your parents.

Example: A child inherits genes that increase the risk for anxiety and also grows up in a family where parents are anxious, creating a stressful environment.

Evocative (or Reactive) Gene-Environment Correlation

Your genetic traits bring out reactions from others.

Example: a child who is naturally very shy and anxious because of their genes may lead to teachers and classmates might treat the child differently. This reaction from others can make the child feel more isolated or anxious, which might increase their risk for developing social anxiety or depression.

Active Gene-Environment Correlation

You seek out environments that match your genetic tendencies.

Example: A teenager with a genetic predisposition to sensation-seeking might seek out risky environments that increase their chance of substance abuse.

Idiographic Strategy

tailoring the treatment based on the information of the client

Nomothetic Strategy

determining the general class of problems to which the presenting problem belongs (classifying the problem)

Nosology

taxonomy of psychological or medical phenomena

Nomenclature

describes the names or labels of the disorders that make up the nosology

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A manual used by mental health professionals to diagnose and classify mental disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It provides standard criteria and definitions for mental health conditions,

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

It’s a global standard for classifying all kinds of diseases and health conditions published by World Health Organization (WHO).

1952

the time when APA first publish DSM-1

DSM-III

this version of DSM used an atheoretical approach which focused on describing mental disorders based on symptoms only, without trying to explain why they happen or using any specific psychological theory. It introduces the multiaxial system where a person’s mental health is evaluated on multiple levels (axes)

2013

this was the time when DSM-V was released where the axial system was removed and a system of classification was designed wherein mental disorders exist along a spectrum. It also strives to be evidence-based.

Anxiety disorders

these include disorders that share features of excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disturbances. differ from developmentally normative fear or anxiety by being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriate periods. They typically overestimate the danger in situations they fear or avoid.

Fear

the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat. It is associated with surges of autonomic arousal necessary for fight or flight, thoughts of immediate danger, and escape behaviors.

Anxiety

refers to anticipation of future threat. It is more often associated with muscle tension and vigilance in preparation for future danger and cautious or avoidant behaviors.

Panic Attacks

it refers to abrupt surges of intense fear or intense discomfort that reach a peak within minutes, accompanied by physical and/or cognitive symptoms. It may be expected, such as in response to a typically feared object or situation, or unexpected, meaning that the it occurs for no apparent reason. It can serve as marker and prognostic factor for severity of diagnosis, course, and comorbidity across an array of disorders.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

characterized by excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from home or attachment figures lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults. When separated from major attachment figures, children and adult may exhibit social withdrawal, apathy, sadness, or difficulty concentrating on work or play.

Selective Mutism

characterized by consistent failure to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation for speaking (e.g., at school) despite speaking in other situations. The duration of the disturbance is at least 1 month. The onset is usually before age 5 years, but the disturbance may not come to clinical attention until entry into school.

Although children with this disorder sometimes use non-spoken or nonverbal means (e.g., grunting, pointing, writing) to communicate

Specific Phobia

characterized by marked fear or anxiety to the presence of a particular situation or object every time the individual comes into contact lasting for 6 months or more. The fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger that the object or situation poses. There is active avoidance where the individual intentionally behaves in ways that are designed to prevent or minimize contact with phobic objects or situations

Social Anxiety Disorder

characterized by marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations (social interactions, being observed, and performing in front of others) in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. The individual fears that he or she will act in a way or show anxiety symptoms that will be negatively evaluated (i.e., will be humiliating or embarrassing; will lead to rejection or offend others).

Panic Disorder

characterized by recurrent UNEXPECTED panic attacks. After a panic attack, it is followed by at least 1 month feeling very worried about more attacks or changes their behavior to avoid the panic attack

Nocturnal Panic Attack

a type of panic attack and typically waking up in a state of panic, intense fear, a racing heart, shortness of breath, or sweating—but with no obvious trigger.

Agoraphobia

characterized by intense fear or anxiety in two or more specific situations—such as using public transportation, being in open or enclosed spaces, standing in a crowd or line, or being alone outside the home—due to persistent thoughts that escape might be difficult or help unavailable in the event of a panic attack or other distressing symptoms.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

characterized by excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months about various events or activities, such as work or school performance. The focus of worry may shift from one concern to another.

The individual finds it difficult to control the worry, and the anxiety is accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms (one symptom in children): restlessness or feeling on edge, easy fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.

Reactive Attachment Disorder

characterized by a consistent pattern of emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers, where the child rarely seeks or responds to comfort when distressed. It includes persistent social and emotional disturbances such as minimal responsiveness to others, limited positive emotions, and unexplained episodes of irritability or fearfulness. The disorder arises from a history of extreme insufficient care, such as neglect, frequent changes in caregivers, or being raised in settings that limit stable attachments. These caregiving deficits are believed to cause the disturbed behavior. The symptoms appear before age 5, are not explained by autism spectrum disorder, and the child has a developmental age of at least 9 months.

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

characterized by a pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults in an overly familiar or socially disinhibited manner. This includes reduced hesitation to engage with strangers, overly familiar verbal or physical behavior, not checking back with caregivers after wandering, and willingness to leave with unfamiliar adults. These behaviors are not solely due to impulsivity (such as in ADHD). The disorder results from a history of extreme insufficient care, such as neglect, frequent changes of caregivers, or living in settings that limit stable attachments. The caregiving deficiencies are believed to cause these behaviors. The child must have a developmental age of at least nine months.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

a condition that can develop in individuals who have been exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. This exposure may occur through direct experience, witnessing traumatic events, occurred to a close family member, or through repeated exposure to trauma-related details (exposure has to be work related). It is accompanied by intrusion symptoms, active avoidance, negative alteration in mood and cognition, marked alteration in arousal and reactivity that is persisting for more than 1 month.


- Being bullied may qualify as a traumatic experience when there is a credible threat of serious harm or sexual violence.
- A life-threatening illness or debilitating medical condition is not necessarily considered a traumatic event.
- It can occur at any age, beginning after the first year of life. Symptoms usually begin within the first 3 months after the trauma

Acute Stress Disorder

characterized by the presence of nine (or more) symptoms from any of the five categories of intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and increased arousal lasting from 3 days to 1 month ONLY after trauma exposure.

- It cannot be diagnosed until 3 days after a traumatic event. Although, it may progress to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after 1 month.

Adjustment Disorder

characterized by the development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor, occurring within 3 months of the onset of the stressor. The reaction is clinically significant, marked by either:

1. Excessive distress that is out of proportion to the severity or intensity of the stressor (considering cultural and contextual factors), or

2. Significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

The symptoms do not persist beyond 6 months after the stressor or its consequences have ended.

Prolonged Grief Disorder

represents a prolonged maladaptive grief reaction that can be diagnosed only after at least 12 months (6 months in children and adolescents) have elapsed since the death of someone with whom the bereaved had a close relationship. The condition involves the development of a persistent grief response characterized by intense yearning or longing for the deceased person or preoccupation with thoughts or memories of the deceased, although, in children and adolescents, this preoccupation may focus on the circumstances of the death. Symptoms have been present nearly every day for at least the last month.

It is also accompanied by at least three additional symptoms (e.g., identity disruption, disbelief, emotional pain, avoidance, difficulty reconnecting with life, emotional numbness, or loneliness)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions that are time-consuming and cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress these obsessions through compulsion.

Commonly the individual recognizes that their beliefs are definitely or probably not true.

Obsession

refers to repetitive and persistent thoughts, images, or urges. It is not pleasurable and is experience involuntarily.

Compulsion

are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. It is performed to reduce the distress triggered by obsessions or to prevent a feared event.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Characterized by preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others. The individual has performed repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to fix the appearance concerns. The preoccupations are intrusive, unwanted, time-consuming (occurring, on average, 3–8 hours per day), and usually difficult to resist or control.

- The appearance preoccupation is not better explained by concerns with body fat or weight in an individual.
- Commonly, these individuals have poor insight and one-third or more have absent insight/delusional belief.

Hoarding Disorder

characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value. This difficulty is due to a perceived need to save the items and distress associated with discarding them.

The difficulty discarding possessions results in the accumulation of possessions that congest and clutter active living areas and substantially compromises their intended use.

Acquisition

refers to the excessive collecting, buying, or obtaining of items that are not needed or for which there is no available space.

Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)

characterized by recurrent pulling out of one’s hair, resulting in hair loss. Individuals with this condition have made repeated attempts to decrease or stop hair pulling.

It may be accompanied by a range of behaviors or rituals involving hair. Thus, individuals may search for a particular kind of hair to pull, may try to pull out hair in a specific way, or may visually examine or tactilely or orally manipulate the hair after it has been pulled

Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder

characterized by recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions. has made repeated attempts to decrease or stop skin picking. It may be be triggered by feelings of anxiety or boredom, preceded by an increasing sense of tension, and may lead to gratification, pleasure, or a sense of relief when the skin or scab has been picked.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Formerly known as Briquet’s Syndrome, it is characterized by experiencing one or more distressing somatic symptoms that significantly disrupt daily life. It is accompanied by excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to those symptoms (e.g., persistent anxiety, repeated doctor visits, or preoccupation with being ill) lasting for at least six months.

- Symptoms without an evident medical explanation are not sufficient to make this diagnosis. The individual’s suffering is authentic, whether or not it is medically explained.
- The concern about the symptoms reflects fear of underlying illness

Illness Anxiety Disorder

characterized by a persistent preoccupation with having or developing a serious illness. Despite having few or no somatic symptoms, individuals experience excessive or disproportionate health-related concerns, especially when there is little or no medical evidence to support them. This disorder involves high levels of health-related anxiety, frequent body checking or avoidance of medical care, and duration of illness preoccupation lasting at least 6 months, even if the specific feared illness may vary over time.

Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (Conversion Disorder)

characterized by neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by medical conditions. People with this disorder may experience weakness or paralysis, abnormal movements such as tremors or jerks, and difficulties with walking. They might have changes in sensation, such as numbness or loss of feeling in certain areas, or problems with vision and hearing. Some individuals have episodes that look like seizures or fainting but are not caused by neurological problems. The clinical findings provide evidence of incompatibility between the symptom and recognized neurological or medical conditions.

-The symptoms they experienced symptoms that are not intentionally produced

Factitious Disorder

characterized by the intentional falsification or production of physical or psychological symptoms, or self-inflicted injury or disease, associated with identified deception. The individual deliberately presents themselves to others as ill, impaired, or injured, and this deceptive behavior occurs even without any clear external incentives or rewards.

- When an individual falsifies illness in another (e.g., children, adults, pets), the diagnosis is factitious disorder imposed on another.
- Upon diagnosing the disorder the focus is on clearly proving that the person is deliberately faking or producing symptoms of illness.

Maligering

the intentional fabrication, exaggeration, or feigning of physical or psychological symptoms motivated by external incentives.

Dissociative disorders

characterized by a disruption of and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior. It often happens after children, teens, or adults go through very upsetting or traumatic experiences.

Positive Dissociative Symptoms

unbidden intrusions into awareness and behavior, with accompanying losses of continuity in subjective experience such as division of identity, depersonalization, and derealization

Negative Dissociative Symptoms

inability to access information or to control mental functions that normally are readily amenable to access or control