Component 3 - Health & Wellbeing

What is the definition of health and wellbeing?

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

What is physical health?

The condition of a person’s body and how well it’s coping

What are some examples of what good physical health involves?

• Having a safe place to shelter and keep warm

• Eating a healthy diet

• Getting enough sleep

• Getting enough physical activity

• Having access to healthcare services

• Making healthy lifestyle choices (e.g. not smoking)

What is emotional wellbeing?

The feelings a person has and how they handle them

What are some examples of what good emotional wellbeing involves?

• Having a positive self-image and high self-esteem

• Feeling positive emotions (e.g. happiness and contentment)

• Being able to understand and express your emotions

• Being able to manage negative emtions

What is social wellbeing?

A person’s ability to form and maintain healthy relationships with others

What are some examples of what good social wellbeing involves?

• Having the confidence to meet new people and form new relationships

• Regularly socialising with others (e.g. friends and family)

• Maintaining supportive relationships

• Participating in communities

What is a holistic approach?

Providing a person with care that supports the entire individual rather than just the part that requires treatment or care

What are physical factors?

Things that affect a person’s body and how it functions (e.g. ill health and disability)

What is an inherited condition?

A condition caused by a genetic variant that has been passed down from parent to child

What is a dominant gene, regarding inherited conditions?

A faulty gene that only needs to be passed on from one parent to cause the condition e.g. Huntington’s disease

What is a recessive gene, regarding inherited conditions?

A faulty gene that must be passed on from both parents to cause the condition e.g. cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease

What is an example of a chromosomal condition?

• Down’s Syndrome - caused by having an extra copy of a particular chromosome

• Typically, a baby born with down’s syndrome has 46 chromosomes

What are some effects/symptoms of down’s syndrome?

• Low IQ

• Flattened face, almond-shaped eyes that slant up

• Developmental delays (e.g. slower to speak)

What is sickle cell disease?

• Recessive condition, which affects red blood cells

• Symptoms include anaemia (leading to tiredness)

• Episodes of severe pain (called crises)

• Frequent infections

What is cystic fibrosis?

• Recessive condition that causes mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive system

• Causes severe damage and can lead to symptoms such as: recurring chest infections, shortness of breath, a persistent cough and difficulty digesting food

What is huntington’s disease?

• Dominant condition that causes damage to nerve cells in the brain

• Symptoms include: difficulty concentrating, clumsiness and involuntary movement of the limbs

What is haemophilia?

• X-linked recessive chromosome condition, therefore mainly affects males

• Rare condition that affects the blood's ability to clot, meaning if they cut themselves they blood longer than usual

• Symptoms include: skin that bruises easily, nosebleeds that take a long time to stop and pain and stiffness around joints because of internal bleeding

How can inherited conditions affect person physically?

• Physical symptoms cause discomfort and pain

• Some conditions might make it harder to keep active

How can inherited conditions affect a person emotionally?

• People may be stressed or anxious about their health

• Impacts on appearance and abilities can lead to poor self-image and self-esteem

How can inherited conditions affect a person socially?

• Some conditions can lead to reliance on others and reduced independence

• Physical characteristics can cause lack of confidence when forming relationships

• Symptoms might make it difficult to join in with some social activities. This can make it difficult to form relationships and lead to loneliness

What does predisposition mean?

Someone is more inclined to suffer from a particular condition (e.g. coronary heart disease) due to: genetic factors, environmental factors or a combination of both

What does acute mean?

• Severe and sudden in onset (e.g. broken bone)

• Short term

• Curable

What does chronic mean?

• Persisting for a long time or constantly recurring (e.g. cancer)

• Gradual

• Incurable

What are some examples of mental illnesses?

Anxiety, stress, depression, eating disorders and addictive behaviours

What does addictive behaviour mean?

A compulsion to do something despite the possibility of negative consequences

What is stress?

• How the body reacts when it feels under pressure. Stress over a long period of time can lead to anxiety

• In small amounts, it can be useful. E.g. improve concentration and thinking in an exam or help you respond quickly in a life or death situation

How does stress and anxiety affect a person short term and long term physically?

• Short term: muscle tension, stomach pain and breathlessness

• Long term: high blood pressure, difficulty sleeping and digestion problems

How can stress and anxiety affect a person emotionally?

Feeling unhappy and developing low self-esteem

How can stress and anxiety affect a person socially?

• Lack of confidence when building new relationships

• Difficulty socialising which can lead to social isolation

What is cardiovascular disease?

• Affects the heart and blood vessels

• Can lead to angina (chest pain), strokes and heart attacks

What is type 2 diabetes?

• Causes blood sugar levels to become too high

• Symptoms include: blurred vision, tiredness and unexpected weight loss

What is obesity?

• When a person becomes very overweight

• Increases their risk of other health conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

How can physical ill health affect a person physically?

• Physical symptoms of the specific illness

• Symptoms (e.g.) tiredness might make it difficult to keep active and fit

How can physical ill health affect a person emotionally?

• Symptoms can lead to negative self-image and decreased self-esteem

• Stress and anxiety about their health and its impact on their daily life

How can physical ill health affect a person socially?

• Time spent at medical appointments can lead to missed social opportunities

• Loss of independence and fewer opportunities to go out and socialise

What is physical ability?

• How well your body can perform physical actions such as: walking, running and picking things up

• The way a person carries out their daily life is determined by their physical abilities and their environment

What do physical disabilities limit?

A person’s mobility (how easily they can move around and carry out physical activities)

How can a physical disability affect a person physically?

• Reduced fitness as it’s harder to keep physically active

• Pain - e.g. wheelchair users often get pressure sores and shoulder pain

How can a physical ability affect a person emotionally?

• Loss of independence and reliance on others to help meet their needs

• Stress at having to rely on others and decreased self-image and self-esteem

How can a physical disability affect a person socially?

• Finding it difficult to join in with some social activities (e.g. some sports)

• Reduced opportunities for going out to socialise and meet new people

What are the most common sensory impairments?

Visual and hearing difficulties

How can a sensory impairment affect a person physically?

Difficulty taking part in some physical activities

How can a sensory impairment affect a person emotionally?

• Decreased self-image and self-esteem due to feeling different

• Feeling stressed and frustrated by the effects on their daily life

How can a sensory impairment affect a person socially?

• Delayed development of communication and social skills

• Finding it difficult to safely go out alone or join in with some activities

How is exercise beneficial to us?

Exercise improves our strength, stamina and suppleness, as well as our muscle and body tone. It helps us to:

• concentrate

• relieve stress

• relax and feel good

• gain personal satisfaction

• socialise with others (e.g. gym)

What can a lack of exercise cause?

• Stiff joints

• Poor stamina, strength and suppleness

• Obesity

• Coronary heart disease

• Osteoporosis

How can those with limited mobility (e.g. elderly residents) exercise?

• Residents in a care home are frequently offered gentle standing or armchair exercises

• Armchair activities can help people with conditions such as osteoporosis, arthritis and high blood pressure to exercise without putting any strain on their hips or knees

How might being overweight affect a person?

A person who is overweight may:

• Be more prone to illness and conditions

• Have their life expectancy reduced

• Be less able to exercise effectively

• Miss out on some sporting activities

• Be less successful in job interviews

• Feel embarrassed and self-conscious about their appearance in social situations

What is the Eatwell Guide made up of?

1. Fruits & vegetables (e.g. apples, oranges and lettuce)

2. Carbohydrates (e.g. bread, pasta and potato)

3. Proteins (e.g. tuna, egg and chicken)

4. Dairy (e.g. milk and cheese)

5. Fats & oils (e.g. oils and spreads)

6. Water

What does the Eatwell Guide say a person should aim to do?

• Eat at least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables every day

• Base their meals on starchy carbohydrates; preferably higher fibre or whole grain versions (e.g. brown rice)

• Have some dairy or dairy alternatives (e.g. soya or oat milk)

• Only eat small amounts of oils and spreads

• Limit foods that are high in saturated fat, salt and sugar

• Drink at least six to eight glasses of water every day

What is a result of not consuming enough food?

• Malnourishment - this can lead to slow growth in children and people can become more likely to get infections

• The body does not get enough nutrients to grow and develop properly, leading to: eating disorders, anaemia, stunted bone growth, heart failure and rickets

What can malnourishment lead to?

Tiredness and difficulty focusing. People might find it hard to concentrate at school/work and will have less energy to socialise

What can a lack of vitamins and minerals lead to?

Deficiency diseases - e.g. a lack of vitamin C can cause scurvy, which leads to problems with the skin, joints and gums

What is a result of eating too much?

The body will store it as fat and this leads to:

• Obesity

• Heart disease

• High blood pressure

• Strokes

• Tooth decay

What are the effects of a healthy diet?

• Stronger immune system and less chance of getting ill

• Helps maintain a healthy weight which improves self-image and self-esteem

• Provides energy for exercise and socialising

• Healthy hair, skin and nails and a reduced risk of serious health problems

What are the effects of an unhealthy diet?

• Weaker immune system and an increased chance of getting ill

• Becoming overweight or underweight which can decrease self-image and self-esteem

• Lack of energy - making socialising difficult

• Can lead to health problems such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

What are the effects of regular exercise?

• Stronger muscles and bones

• Helps maintain a healthy weight

• Increased self-image and self-esteem

• Release of serotonin makes people happier

• Reduced risk of health problems

• Can socialise as part of a team or club

What does the UK Chief Medical Officers’ Physical Activity Guidelines suggest?

• Children and adolescents (5 to 18) should do moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity for at least 60 minutes a day

• Adults should do 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity (e.g. brisk walking) or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity (e.g. running) every week

• People should reduce the amount of time they spend being sedentary (sitting or lying down)

What are the effects of a lack of exercise?

• Increased risk of joint problems

• May become overweight or obese

• Reduced self-image and self-esteem

• Increased risk of anxiety and depression

• Increased risk of health problems (e.g. type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease)

What are the effects of smoking?

• Can cause lung cancer (over 70% of lung cancer cases are caused by smoking) and respiratory conditions (e.g. COPD)

• Yellow skin, stained teeth and wrinkles can lead to a negative self-image

• Reduce fertility in both men and women

• Bad breath and risks to those around them can negatively affect relationships

What are the effects of alcohol misuse?

• Damages the liver

• Can cause weight gain

• Increased risk of health problems (e.g. type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease)

• Can cause low mood and anxiety

• Can lead to poor judgement and relationship breakdown

What is the UK Chief Medical Officers’ Alcohol Guidelines recommendation on alcohol?

• Adults should not regularly drink more than 14 units of alcohol a week; if they do, they should spread it evenly over three or more days

• Women should not drink any alcohol when they’re pregnant (can cause miscarriages, premature births and foetal alcohol syndrome)

What are the effects of substance misuse?

• Can damage the liver and kidneys

• Leads to mood swings and increased anxiety

• Can reduce fertility

• Leads to poor judgement and risky behaviour

• Can lead to breakdown of relationships

What does substance misuse include?

• Using illegal drugs (e.g. cannabis or cocaine)

• Using legal drugs (e.g. alcohol) dangerously

• Using prescription drugs incorrectly

What are some effects of supportive relationships?

• Feeling secure, content and happy

• Increased self-image and self-esteem

• Increased confidence when forming new relationships

What are some effects of unsupportive relationships?

• Feeling unloved and unhappy

• Decreased self-image and self-esteem

• Difficulty forming new relationships

• Loneliness and social isolation

What are some effects of social inclusion?

• Feeling happiness and a sense of belonging

• Increased self-image and self-esteem

• Improved self-confidence

• Opportunities to form new relationships

What are some effects of social exclusion?

• Feeling upset and unwanted

• Decreased self-image and self-esteem

• Loss of confidence making it difficult to socialise and form new relationships

• Loneliness and social isolation

What is bullying?

Bullying is intentional behaviour that is intended to hurt another person. It can happen anywhere and is usually repeated over a long period of time

How might bullying affect a person physically?

• Physical injuries if the bullying involves physical abuse

• People may self-harm as a way of coping

How might bullying affect a person intellectually?

• Constantly being distracted from their work

• Easily loses concentration/focus

How might bullying affect a person emotionally?

• Being made to feel worthless can lead to low self-esteem

• Feelings of anxiety due to fear of the bullies

How might bullying affect a person socially?

Decreased self-confidence may lead to social isolation

What is discrimination?

Discrimination is when someone is treated differently and unfairly because they are seen as different.

What are some examples of how a person could be discriminated against?

• Age

• Gender

• Race

• Religion

• Pregnancy/maternity

• Sexual orientation

What is the Equality Act 2010?

It is unlawful to discriminate against someone because of certain 'protected characteristics' when you are for example: in the workplace, using public services or transport and joining a club or association

What are some examples of how anti-discriminatory behaviour can be promoted in the workplace?

• Adhere to the Equalities Act

• Respect the views and choices of those who have different beliefs

• Be patient with others who have a disability or sensory impairment or who don’t speak English very well

• Challenge any discriminatory behaviour by others

• Encourage people to talk about their culture and beliefs

• Communicate clearly in a way that others understand

How might discrimination affect a person physically?

Physical injuries if the discrimination involves physical abuse

How might discrimination affect a person emotionally?

• Low self-esteem due to feeling unwanted or as if they don’t fit in

• Feelings of fear and anxiety when around other people

How might discrimination affect a person socially?

• Restricted opportunities (e.g. being excluded from certain clubs)

• Fear and anxiety can stop people from going out and lead to social isolation

What are the benefits of being part of a religious group?

• Supportive networks for families

• A sense of belonging and inclusion

• Promotes community cohesion

• Creates a more diverse society

Why might individuals be reluctant to seek out the correct and necessary medical help that they need?

Several religions ban and forbid certain treatments, medical practices and medicines even in life and death situations. E.g. Jehovah Witnesses do not approve of blood transfusions

How can religion affect a person physically?

Can impact lifestyle choices - e.g. alcohol and pork are haram in Islam

How can religion affect a person emotionally?

• Can provide people with a sense of purpose and belonging

• Feeling accepted can increase self-esteem

How can religion affect a person socially?

• Provides a community of people with shared beliefs

• People may experience discrimination or social exclusion (e.g. a child may not be able to go to a friend's party if their dietary needs aren’t catered for)

What is community participation and give some examples?

The power to bring positive, measurable changes to the community you live in

Examples include:

• Groups coming together to plan a street party

• Building a community garden

• Organising marches for different causes (e.g. Pride)

• Coming together in a place of worship

How can community participation affect a person physically?

Some communities provide opportunities to improve fitness (e.g. sports clubs)

How can community participation affect a person emotionally?

• Can give people a sense of belonging and improve their self-esteem

• Others in the community can provide support during difficult times

How can community participation affect a person socially?

• Provides opportunities to socialise, meet new people and form new relationships

• Not participating in communities could lead to social isolation and loneliness

How might sexual orientation affect a person physically?

Influences a person’s sexual activity and their sexual health

How might sexual orientation affect a person emotionally?

• Feeling different or not being accepted by others can lead to low self-esteem

• People may become stressed or anxious about not being accepted by their loved ones

How might sexual orientation affect a person socially?

• Determines who they will form intimate relationships with

• Understanding their sexual orientation can help people feel more confident in their relationships

• People may experience discrimination or bullying

How is society more accepting of sexual orientation?

• Same-sex marriage is now legal

• More gay and lesbian role models in the media (making it easier for other people to feel comfortable with their own sexuality)

Why is it important for people to express their sexuality?

• It can affect their self-esteem and image

• Some people may find it hard to tell family and friends

• People need to feel accepted by others for who they are

What are gender roles?

The generalised ideas people have about the characteristics men and women should have and how they should behave.

E.g. men are often expected to be “strong” and “tough’, whereas women are expected to be more “delicate” and “caring”

How can gender roles affect a person physically?

• Men may be less likely to see a doctor when they have health concerns

• Women may be discouraged from participating in some sports

How can gender roles affect a person emotionally?

• Men may be less likely to talk about their emotions or get help for mental health conditions (e.g. anxiety and depression)

• Both men and women may lack self-confidence and develop low self-esteem if they don’t fit in with the expectations of their gender

How can gender roles affect a person socially?

• Gender might influence a person’s career opportunities and the social groups they’re in

• People may be more likely to socialise with others of the same gender, especially at a young age where different toys and activities are often made for each gender

What are the different types of gender roles?

• Traditional: the man works and the woman takes care of the children

• Egalitarian: the man and woman are equal in everything

• Transitional: the man works and is the “bread-winner” but the woman can work if she wants to