Exam 1 Review Tips ant

What are the four subfields of anthropology?

Biological, Archeology, Cultural, Linguistic.

What is the main focus of the Scientific Method?

A set of steps by which knowledge of the natural world is gained through testing hypotheses to build theories.

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

Qualitative data describes qualities (e.g. colors) while quantitative data describes quantities (e.g. scores, measurements).

What are the types of data collection regarding reliability and validity?

Accurate, Unreliable & Unvalid, Unreliable But Valid, Valid, Reliable, Reliable Not Valid, Both Reliable & Valid.

What are the two main processes of evolution described?

Natural Selection and Evolution.

What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?

RNA is involved in the process of synthesizing proteins and is single-stranded with ribose sugar.

How many codons are there for Serine (ser)?

Six: UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, AGC.

What is a substitution mutation?

A point mutation where one base is exchanged for another, which can lead to three outcomes: Silent, Nonsense, or Missense mutation.

What distinguishes mitosis from meiosis?

Mitosis results in 2 diploid daughter cells, while meiosis produces 4 haploid daughter cells.

Who proposed the concept of dominance and recessiveness in genes?

Mendel.

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equation?

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, where p2 is the frequency of homozygous dominant, q2 is the frequency of homozygous recessive, and 2pq is the frequency of heterozygous.

What are the forces of evolution that drive microevolution?

Mutation, Gene flow, Genetic drift, Natural selection.

What is directional selection?

A type of natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype over others.

What does it mean to be homozygous?

An individual with two identical alleles for a trait, either dominant (TT) or recessive (tt).

Define gene flow in the context of evolution.

Gene flow is the exchange of genetic material between populations.

What is natural selection's effect on allele frequencies?

Natural selection alters allele frequencies in a population by favoring traits that enhance survival and reproduction.

What occurs during crossing-over in meiosis?

Crossing-over occurs when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, leading to genetic variation.

How many divisions occur during meiosis compared to mitosis?

Meiosis has 2 divisions, while mitosis has 1.

What is a Punnett square used for?

To predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring based on the alleles of the parents.

What are the outcomes of natural selection?

Natural selection can lead to directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection among populations.

What is genetic drift?

A mechanism of evolution that involves random changes in allele frequencies, particularly in small populations.

What is the molecular structure of DNA?

DNA has a double helix structure made up of alternating sugars and phosphate molecules with nitrogenous base pairs.

What does it mean for an allele to be dominant?

A dominant allele is expressed in an organism's phenotype regardless of the presence of another allele.

What signifies a recessive allele in terms of phenotype expression?

A recessive allele is only expressed in the phenotype if two copies are present in the genotype.