Freshwater Ecology Final

What is the maximum density of water at 4 degrees C?

1 mg / micro liter

Where in a lake or stream do you find the neuston?

the surface of the water

The weak and temporary bonds that make water molecules stick to each other are called what?

hydrogen bonds

What mode of lake formation best describes the process that created Sugar Lake, Crystal Lake, and Lake Pleasant (all small local lakes)?

glacial kettle

What mode of lake formation best describes the origin of the lakes in Yellowstone National Park?

volcanic caldera lakes

Roughly how old are the lakes in the northern region that were formed by the most recent ice age?

14,000 - 15,000 years

A good example of a lake formed through glacial scouring is what?

lake erie

A good example of a grabben lake is?

lake tahoe

What would the temperature profile of a frozen-over lake show?

cold water sitting on top of warm water

Which of the following is not a property of water?

1. high specific heat

2. high heat of fusion and evaporation

3. high surface tension

4. density anomally

5. poor solvent

poor solvent

What is the appropriate measure of conductivity?

micro Siemens / cm

What type of lake is most likely to stratify?

deep and small lakes

What is the appropriate unit of measure for oxygen concentration?

mg / L

In freshwater systems, what chemical compound after being dissolved in water is in a general sense the most important buffer?

CaCO3

What is pH a direct measure of?

hydrogen ion concentration

what are the 3 processes that affect the actual concentration of oxygen in water?

photosynthesis, respiration, turbulent flow

As you move downstream, what happens to photosynthesis production?

increases

As you move downstream, what happens to collector-gatherer guild?

decreases

As you move downstream, what happens to substrate size?

decreases

As you move downstream, what happens to discharge?

increases

As you move downstream, what happens to frequency of low oxygen?

increases

As you move downstream, what happens to gradient?

decreases

What is a typical conductivity value for a coldwater trout stream in our region?

80 micro Siemens / cm

The largest user of water in the United States, based on withdraw rates is what?

electric generation

Most of the freshwater in the entire world is in the form of what?

glaciers and ice caps

The majority of water used by humans in the United States comes from where?

surface waters (lakes and streams)

Secondary treatment of sewage consists of what?

microbial respiration of organic carbon

A good example of a morainal dam lake is what?

finger lakes of new york

What lake is formed through tectonic activity, blocks of the earth’s crust slip downward along deep fault lines, and are often old, deep, and large?

grabben lakes

What is the approximate age of Conneaut lake, Lake Erie, and other natural lakes in western Pa?

15,000 years

Where is the thermocline found?

in lakes at a zone of rapid temperature change

If you were electrofishing a stream with clean water and low conductivity, how would you need to adjust the elctrofisher?

increase the voltage

Who is the lead fisheries biologist for the Fish and Boat Commission Area 2?

Scott Ray

What family does the river red horse in the Allegheny belong to?

sucker family

True or False - The Clarion River is remarkable for its high density of mussel species.

False

True or False - Sewage treatment plants generally were designed to process organic waste but most sewage plants do not remove dissolved salts from the water.

true

True or False - The formation of tectonic lakes is ultimately due to large-scale processes such as deformation of the earth’s crust.

true

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is the chemical equation for respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

What weather conditions promote summer kill? What time of day does it occur? Why?

hot, calm, cloudy days promote summer kill. this occurs in the morning during the summer months. this causes an overproduction of bacterial algae which reduces oxygen causing hypoxia and fish kills.

What is the surface layer of a lake called?

epilimnion

What is the bottom layer of a lake called?

hypolimnion

Oxygen profile over 24 hour cycle for the surface waters of a lake or large river in summer

Thermal profile typical of a deep stratified lake in summer

How do you calculate stream discharge?

Q = V x W x D

How do you solve for gradient?

elevation difference / horizontal distance

The decomposition of organic material by microbes recycles carbon into what form?

carbon dioxide

What metal is the last to precipitate in a sequence of treatment steps, form a black oxide but is not toxic, and is difficult to remove because the pH needs to be raised above 7?

manganese

What element limits primary production in coastal marine systems, forests, and some rivers?

nitrogen

An excess of what element in water causes a frequent cause of harmful algal blooms in freshwater systems?

phosphorus

What element makes up 78% of the atmosphere?

nitrogen

What is the large group of plants involved in the process of transforming N2 gas into NH3?

legumes

What is the large group of microbes capable of fixing N2 as NH3 that are aquatic?

blue-green algae

What element wants “nothing to do with air” and is only found in the lithosphere and not in the atmosphere?

phosphorus

The decomposition of organic material by microbes recycles nitrogen into what form?

NH4+

What process involves microbes using atmospheric N2 to produce nitrate?

n-fixation

What component of an AMD treatment system consists of an organic substrate like compost or manure overlying a layer of limestone?

vertical flow wetland (SAP)

What component of an AMD treatment system consists of limestone positioned in the ground such that it intercepts groundwater before it reaches the surface.

anoxic limestone drain

What mode of secondary production in headwater streams is driven by the decomposition of tree leaves from the forest?

allochthonous production

What are the trophic habits of adult unionid mussels best described as?

filter feeding detritivore

How do larval mussels like glochidia make a living?

by parasitizing fish

What mineral or class of minerals causes AMD?

pyrite and sulfide

The rate of photosynthesis is limited because of what?

headwater streams usually receive very little light due to shading by the forest canopy

French Creek is in what watershed?

allegheny watershed

Who is the watershed specialist for the Venango County Conservation District?

rebecca fagley

Bosmina longirostris

chydorus

Calanoid copepods

Cyclopoid copepods

Ostracoda

Chaoborus

Daphnia pulicaria

Daphnia retrocurva

Ceriodaphnia reticulata

Simocephalus

Diaphanosoma

Porifera

sponges

Cnidaria

jellyfish

Turbellaria

flatworms

Mollsuca

mollusks

Annelida

earthworms

Arthropoda

insects

Ephemeroptera

mayfly

Baetiscidae

armored mayfly

Caenidae

crawling mayfly

Ephemeridae

burrowing mayfly

Heptageniidae

flathead mayfly

Baetidae

minnow mayfly

Plecoptera

stoneflies

Pteronarcyidae

giant stonefly

Capniidae

slender winter stonefly

Peltoperlidae

roach-like stonefly

Perlidae

common stonefly

Chloroperlidae

green stonefly

Odonata

dragonfly + damselfly

Anisoptera

dragonfly

Aeschindae

darner

Gomphidae

clubtail dragonfly

Libellulidae

skimmers

Zygoptera

damselfly