Patho Ch. 18 Urinary System Disorders and Kidney Function E2

Kidneys

Organs responsible for filtration and secretion.

Acid/base balance

Regulates H+ ion and bicarbonate levels.

Renal blood flow

20-25% of cardiac output goes to kidneys.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Measures renal blood filtered per minute.

Nephron

Basic functional unit of the kidney.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone increasing RBCs in response to hypoxia.

Renin

Initiates the RAAS for blood pressure regulation.

Obstructive uropathy

Obstruction preventing normal urine flow.

Nephrolithiasis

Presence of kidney stones (calculi).

Acute kidney injury (AKI)

Rapid decrease in kidney function.

Chronic renal failure (CRF)

Irreversible kidney function decline over time.

Hydronephrosis

Kidney swelling due to urine backup.

Prerenal dysfunction

Decreased blood flow to kidneys.

Intrarenal dysfunction

Direct damage to kidney tissue.

Postrenal dysfunction

Obstruction of urine outflow from kidneys.

Diabetes mellitus

Major risk factor for kidney disease.

Hypertension

Common condition leading to kidney dysfunction.

Urolithiasis

Formation of stones in the urinary tract.

Symptoms of nephrolithiasis

Severe pain, hematuria, and crystalluria.

Renal threshold for glucose

BG of 180 mg/dL; excess appears in urine.

Acid-base imbalance

Failure to maintain proper pH levels.

Fluid overload

Excess fluid retention due to kidney failure.

Uremic encephalopathy

Neurological dysfunction from kidney failure.

Oliguria

Urine output less than 30 mL/hour.

Lower urinary tract infection (UTI)

Infection commonly caused by E. coli.

Female risk factors for UTI

Includes improper hygiene and tight clothing.

Male risk factors for UTI

Includes BPH and urinary catheterization.

Symptoms of lower UTI

Increased frequency, urgency, dysuria, hematuria.