AP World History Exam Review

AP World History Exam Review Flashcards

Confucianism

A hierarchical philosophical understanding of the world. Revival during the Song Dynasty, leading to order, stability, and a meritocracy.

Imperial Bureaucracy

Appointed officials carrying out the empire's policies. Expanded by the Song Dynasty to consolidate power and rule.

Chan Buddhism

A melding of Buddhism with traditional Chinese ideas like Daoism. It spread from China to neighboring regions.

Champa Rice

A rice variety from the Champa Kingdom (modern Vietnam) that could be planted and harvested more than once a year, increasing food production in Song China.

Grand Canal

An internal waterway in China acting as a transportation system, enabling China to become a major populous trading center.

Delhi Sultanate

An Islamic state in northern India/South Asia that emerged as the Abbasid Caliphate declined.

Mamluk Sultanate

An Islamic state in Egypt that emerged as the Abbasid Caliphate declined.

Daral Islam

A cultural region formed by Islamic states, characterized by a significant spread of Islam.

Sufi Movement

A mystical form of Islam that adapted to local cultures, facilitating its spread.

Shrevijaya Empire

A Hindu empire in South Asia that prospered by taxing ships using sea lanes.

Majapahit Kingdom

A Buddhist kingdom in South Asia that prospered by controlling sea routes.

Jizya

A tax that Hindus had to pay in the Delhi Sultanate, an Islamic state in the north of the subcontinent.

Vijayanagara Empire

A Hindu kingdom in South Asia, established by two brothers who had converted to Islam under the Delhi Sultanate, then reverted to Hinduism and established a rival empire.

Aztecs (Mashika)

An empire with its tribute system carried over from the Maya; had a capital city called Tennosh Titlan, a large cosmopolitan urban center; followed continuity in state building with earlier American states.

Great Zimbabwe

An African state that prospered due to trade, agriculture, and rich gold deposits, participating in the Indian Ocean Trade Network.

Swahili

A new language that developed from the intermixing of cultures and languages in East Africa, blending Bantau and Arabic.

Reconquista

Ferdinand and Isabella's Reconquista in Spain after 1492 led to the expulsion of many Muslims and a revival of Catholicism.

Feudalism

A system in Europe where a king granted land to lords (nobility) in exchange for tribute. Lords hired knights to protect the land, and peasants worked the land.

Three-Field System

An agricultural innovation in Europe where crops were rotated through three fields, allowing for more food to be grown, leading to a population explosion.

Silk Roads

An ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West. Luxury goods, especially silk, were traded along these routes, primarily for elite markets.

Caravan Serai

Inns and guesthouses along the Silk Road provided merchants with safe places to rest.

Diasporic Communities

Settlements created by people living apart from their homeland, gathered together in another part of the world. Examples include Arab and Persian communities in East Africa.

Voyages of Zheng He

During the Ming dynasty, these aimed to enroll distant places in the Chinese tribute system, significantly increasing China's power and influence over Indian Ocean trade.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Connected North Africa and the Mediterranean with the interior and West Africa. The introduction of the Arabian camel and the saddle increased interregional trade.

Rise and Fall of Cities

Samarkand and Kashgar on Silk Road routes rose (centers of Islamic scholarship and cultural flourishing), while Baghdad fell (sacked by Mongols in 1258, leading to decline).

Ibn Battuta

A young Muslim scholar from Morocco who traveled throughout Dar al-Islam for about 30 years, writing detailed notes about the places, people, rulers, and cultures he encountered.

The Mongols

Created the largest land-based empire in history, facilitating further interconnection and interaction across Afroeurasia. Controlled the entirety of the Silk Road network.

Ottoman Empire

Founded in the 14th century. Expanded significantly through the adoption of gunpowder weapons. In 1453, sacked Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul.

Safavid Empire

Established in 1501 under the leadership of Sha Ismael. Became a Shiite Islamic dynasty, causing conflict with the Sunni Mughals and Ottomans.

Mughal Empire

Established in 1526 by Babur by displacing the Delhi Sultanate using gunpowder. Under Akbar, Mughal rule covered about half of the Indian subcontinent.

Qing Dynasty

In 1636, the Manchu people of the north raided China, established themselves as leaders, and began this dynasty.

Devshirme System

The Ottomans used this to staff their bureaucracy, employing highly trained individuals to manage the empire's affairs.

Religious Ideas and Art

Used by rulers to convey their authority and influence. Examples include European monarchs claiming to rule by divine right and Aztec human sacrifice rituals showcasing wealth.

Tax Farming

Ottomans used this to collect tax, where the right to collect taxes was sold to the highest bidder.

Council of Trent

Catholics reaffirmed their doctrines of salvation by faith and works, and biblical authority, solidifying the split between Catholics and Protestants.

Sikism

In South Asia, this syncretic faith blended Hindu and Islamic doctrines.

Astrolabe

Used for navigation by measuring the altitude of celestial bodies; originated from Greeks and Muslims.

Magnetic Compass

Enabled sailors to determine direction accurately; originated in China.

Lateen Sail

A triangular sail that allowed ships to sail against the wind; originated in the Mediterranean.

Caravel

A small, fast, and highly maneuverable ship with a combination of square and lateen sails and decent sized cargo holds; essential for Portuguese trade dominance.

Dutch Fluit

A large trading ship with a massive amount of cargo space, enabling the Dutch VOC (Dutch East India Company) to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that promotes governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers.

Portuguese Trading Post Empire

Established around Africa and into the Indian Ocean, consisting of small, strategically located trading posts to monopolize the spice trade.

Columbian Exchange

A significant transfer of animals, foods, and diseases between Europe and the Americas, and vice versa, following new contact.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Colonial powers like Spain and Portugal sometimes resolved tensions diplomatically, such as with this treaty. This divided the Americas between them.

Encomienda System

A coercive labor system used by the Spanish to compel indigenous people to work their plantations.

Hacienda System

Supposedly a reform on the encomienda system, but it became another means of coerced labor, where laborers were paid low wages and remained in debt.

Mita System

The Spanish transformed this Inca system into a system of coerced labor, compelling villages to send young men to work in dangerous silver mines.

Joint Stock Companies

The Dutch, English, and French developed these companies, such as the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, which allowed for continued exploration and colonization with limited risks to investors.

Triangular Trade

The exchange of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, leading to increased economic interdependence between distant states.

Maratha Rebellion

In the Mughal Empire, Hindu warriors called the Maratha rebelled against perceived invasion of their beliefs.

Pueblo Revolt

In the Spanish colonies of North America, Pueblo and Apache Indians rose up against the Spanish.

Spanish Casta System

A new social hierarchy imposed by the Spanish in the Americas, organizing society based on ancestry and race.

Nationalism

A people's sense of belonging to each other based on a common language, religion, social customs, and a shared state and territory.

Industrial Revolution

A change in how goods were made for sale, shifting from handmade to machine-made.

Second Industrial Revolution

Shifted to the internal combustion engine, which ran on oil. This ushered in a fossil fuel revolution, significantly boosting available energy.

Transnational Corporations

Began to emerge, operating across multiple national boundaries. An example is the Unilever Corporation, a British and Dutch venture focused on household goods like soap.

Labor Unions

Factory workers formed these to collectively bargain for better wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions.

Karl Marx

Criticized capitalism for its entrenched class structure.

Tanzimat Reforms

The Ottoman Empire initiated these reforms to industrialize and eliminate government corruption, aiming to resist Western encroachment.