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2a. What "substance" is analogous to a factory manager?

DNA

2b. In what organelle controls the activity of the entire cell, and where would this substance be found?

Nucleus

Which organelle generates energy to power cellular activities?

Mitochondria

Which organelle is responsible for protein assembly?

Ribosomes

Once proteins have been assembled, to which organelle would they go next?

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Into what organelle might the cellular products be placed for transport?

Vesicles

A cell is missing its nucleus. What is one reason it would not survive?

Organelles would not have directions to make new cells and control cell functions.

A cell is missing the ER and ribosomes. What is the main function that this cell cannot complete without these organelles?

Cannot make proteins.

Fluid-filled organelle stores water, enzymes, and waste products and the size of this organelle can change.

large central vacuole

Stores food or pigments; some convert light to energy to chemical energy in the form of organic compounds like glucose.

chloroplasts

Why do plants need chloroplasts?

Plants make their own food by carrying out the process of photosynthesis.

What would happen to the size of the central vacuole, if a plant does not have enough water?

Loses support, structure, and wilts.

Plants have a rigid cell wall and membrane because….

These 2 structures function mainly as support and protection for the plant.

Cellular respiration occurs in which organelle?

Mitochondria

What is the "sweet" function of chloroplasts?

To make glucose

If an animal only eats meat, what would be its source of glucose for cells?

stored glycogen would be broken down into glucose.

Where would you find the most mitochondria in the human body?

Heart and active muscle cells

Endosymbiotic theory

a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes

The endomembrane system includes

nucleus, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (RER & SER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane.

endomembrane system

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Cell specialization in multicellular organisms allows cells to

perform specific jobs and functions throughout the organism

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes include all organisms except for bacteria, cyanobacteria, and archaebacteria. Prokaryotes have a plasma membrane, DNA molecule, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cell wall.

Eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated.

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

Organelles unique to plants

Cell Wall, Chloroplast, and only one Central Vacuole.

Organelles unique to animals

centrioles and lysosomes

The cell theory states that

All living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

Robert Hooke

first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.

controls what comes into and out of any type of cell

cell membrane

This organelle contains digestive enzymes

lysosome

Tiny strands, inside the nucleus, that contain the instructions for directing the cell's functions

chromatin

Golgi Body

A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell or outside of the cell membrane.

Cytoplasm

Gel-like fluid where the organelles are found, which transports materials traveling through the cell and also supports the cell.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

Centrioles

a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

protein synthesis steps

DNA sends mRNA (transcription) to the ribosomes, where the mRNA is translated into amino acids, which eventually become 3D proteins in the ER.

Nuclear envelope

Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.

Nuclear pores

holes in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus

Cell Specialization

separate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms; the process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks

Prokaryote organelles

no membrane-bound organelles, free-floating DNA, ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall.

Cell size is limited by

surface area to volume ratio