Research and design Exam 2 Review

Construct validity  Look all these up in the book

Adequacy of the operational definition of variables To what extent does the operational definition of a variable reflect the true theoretical meaning of the variable

predictive validity

If the research shows that the scores accurately predict the behavior or outcome it is intended to predict.

Concurrent Validity

Research that examines the relationship betweent he measure and a criterion behavior at the same time (I:e a study where two or more groups differ on the measure in expected ways) 

Convergent Validity 

Extent to which scores on the measure in question are related to scores on other measures of the same construct or similar constructs 

Discriminate validity

When a measure is not related to variables with which it should not be related 

Reactivity of a measure of behavior and ways to minimize it

When awareness of being measured changes an individuals behavior 

Nominal Scales  the next three are for the properties of the four scales 

Have no numerical or quantitative properties instead categories or groups simply differ from one another (I:e being left handed right handed or ambidextrous being left handed does not imply a greater amount of handedness) 

Ordinal Scales 

rank order the levels of the variable being studied categories can be ordered first to last letter grades are a good example or movie stars 

Interval scale

the deference between the numbers on the scale is meaningful specifically 

A thermometer is a good example. 

Ratio scales

Have an absoulute zero point that indicates the absence of the variable being measured 

examples such as length weight or time (A person weighs 220 pounds weighs twice as much as a person who weighs 110 pounds)

internal consistency reliability

is the assessment of reliability using responses at only one point in time because all items measure the same variable they should yield similar or consistent results 

interrater reliability

is the extent to which raters agree in their observations

thus if two raters are judging wether behaviors are aggressive and they both make the same judgment 

Measurement Error

measurement error is the distance between an unobserable true state(the true score) and a measured (observed score)

cronbach’s alpha

Most commonly used indicator of reliability based on internal consistency

Provides us with the average of all possible split-half reliability coefficients

Cohen’s kappa

ohen's kappa coefficient ('κ', lowercase Greek kappa) is a statistic that is used to measure inter-rater reliability for qualitative (categorical) items.^[1] It is generally thought to be a more robust measure than simple percent agreement calculation, as κ incorporates the possibility of the agreement occurring by chance.

Demand characteristics 

any feature of an experiment that might inform participants of the purpose of the study

Social desirability

This response leads the individual to answer in the most socially desirable way 

Scales of measurement

Comparing group, percentages, correlating scores of individuals on two variables and, comparing group means 

Heisenberg uncertainity principle

Fundamental limit to how precisely certain pairs of physical properties of a particle 

Observer effect

Being observed changes the response of those observed 

Experimenter effect 

the tendency for a researcher's actions, expectations, or characteristics to unintentionally influence the results of a study

True score

Somones’s real true value on a given variable