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Macromolecules
Large complex molecules
Polymer
Long molecule consisting of similar building blocks
Monomer
Building blocks of polymers
Enzymes
Speed up chemical reactions
Dehydration
Two monomers bond together via loss of a water molecule
Hydrolysis
Breaking of a bond through adding a water molecule
Carbohydrates
Sugars and polymers of sugars
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars
Polysaccharides
Polymers composed of many sugar building blocks
Disaccharide
Dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides; glycosidic linkage
Starch
Storage polysaccharide of plants
Glycogen
Storage polysaccharide in animals
Lipids
Does not include polymers
Fats
Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids
Maximum number of hydrogen atoms, no double bondsm solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fatty acids
One or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature. Plant and fish fats usually unsaturated.
Phospholipid
Ampipathic, hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
Proteins
Consists of one or more polypeptide
Polypeptides
Unbranded polymers built from amino acids
Amino acids
Molecules with amino and carboxyl groups
Peptide bonds
Covalent bonds that link amino acids, assembled by dehydration
Shape of protein
Primary - amino acids
Secondary - coils and folds in polypeptide chain
Tertiary - interactions among side chains
Quaternary - (sometimes) multiple polypeptide chains
Desaturation
Loss of a protein’s structure
Nucleic acids
Made of nucleotides (monomers)
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous base and sugar
Pyrimidines
Single six-membered ring; cytosine, thymine, and uracile
Purines
Six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
Phosphodiester linkage
Linkage between phosphate group and the sugars and two nucleotides
Phospholipids importance
Become the bilayer and act as a cell membrane
Which of the following is not a polymer
Glucose
Starch and cellulose are
Polymers of glucose
You disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. What level of structure will be preserved?
primary structure
Carbohydrates ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
2:1
Cooking oil and gasoline are not amphipathic because they
do not have a polar or charged region
Which of the following diseases are associated with an accumulation of misfolded polypeptides?
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
Primary protein structure
Arrangement of amino acids
Secondary protein structure
Coils and folds in the polypeptide chain
Tertiary protein structure
Interactions amongst side chains
Quaternary protein structure
Protein consisting of multiple polypeptide chains