Prenatal Development, Birth and the Newborn Baby

266-280 days or 38-40 weeks

how long is pregnancy typically? (range)

prenatal

begins with contraception and ends at birth

before 38 weeks

what classifies a baby as preterm?

they are induced

what happens if mothers don’t go into labor after 40-41 weeks?

genetics

the study of heredity; study of genes and their functions/impact

Mendelian Law of Inheritance

how heredity characteristics are passed from parents to their offspring

dominant trait

the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present

recessive trait

a trait within an organism that is present but not expressed; will only manifest if the gene was received from both parents

autosomes

22 matching pairs of chromosomes from each parent; what type of chromosome is this?

sex chromosome

23rd pair of chromosome (xx= female, xy=male)

zygote

formed when sperm and ovum unite

father

which parent determines the sex of the child?

Y

is the X or Y chromosome smaller?

identical (monozygotic)

results when a single zygote separates to form 2 individuals

single sperm and egg

how many egg/sperm does it take to have identical twins?

DNA, blood type, gender

Identical (monozygotic) twins always have the same ___, ___, and ____

fraternal (dizygotic)

results from the release and fertilization of 2 ova that form two individuals

fraternal

most common type of twin

1 out of 60

___ out of __ pregnancies (without fertility drugs or IVF) result in fraternal dizygotic twins

fraternal

which type of twins runs in families?

different

fraternal twins have _______ DNA, blood type, gender (usually)

autosomal recessive

what type of genetic disorder is sickle cell anemia

autosomal recessive

what type of genetic disorder is phenylketonuria (PKU)

autosomal recessive

what type of genetic disorder is Tay-Sachs

autosomal recessive

what type of genetic disorder is Cystic Fibrosis

sickle cell anemia

genetic disorder where RBCs form crescent cells

age 4

around what age do symptoms of sickle cell start to show?

hydroxyuria and gene therapy

what are treatments available for sickle cell?

sickle cell crisis

what is a painful episode from sickle cell called?

folic acid, pain meds, blood transfusion

what are things we can do in the hospital to help with sickle cell crisis?

must take every day, very expensive

what are some downsides to hydroxiuria

90%

% of African Americans with sickle cell

10

% of Hispanic Americans that have sickle cell

phenylketonuria (PKU)

inability to breakdown phenylalanine

low protein diet for life

treatment for phenylketonuria (PKU)

newborn screening test (blood test)

how is phenylketonuria (PKU) detected?

harm the NS, cause brain damage

what can the buildup of phenylalanine do to the body?

Tay-Sachs

fatal neurologic disease

6 mo.

at what age will babies start to show symptoms of tay-sachs?

missing enzyme that breaks down fatty deposits in nerve cell

what causes tay-sachs

lose function, blindness, paralysis, death

symptoms of tay-sachs

4

children with tay-sachs will typically die by age ___

Jewish

Tay-Sachs is most common in people with _____ heritage

False

True or False: there is a cure for Tay-Sachs

cystic fibrosis

a disorder that damages lungs (and digestive system)

salt & water

cystic fibrosis effects an enzyme that regulates the ___ & ____ in the lungs

thick, sticky

cystic fibrosis is characterized by ___, _____ mucus

modulators that help liquify mucus, keep airway clear, prevent complications

treatment for CF

x-linked disorder

what type of genetic disorder is hemophilia

x-linked disorder

what type of genetic disorder is fragile X syndrome

hemophilia

disorder where the person has abnormal clotting

X chromosome

which chromosome carries the gene for clotting factors?

fragile X syndrome

x chromosome is abnormal

range of developmental/learning issues, elongated features

symptoms of fragile X syndrome

True

True or False: Fragile X syndrome has no cure

down syndrome

caused by problems with 21st chromosome

heart and intestinal defects, might develop dementia after age 40

what are some complications of trisomy 21

NO

is down syndrome an inherited disorder?

klinefelters syndrome

extra x chromosome (XXY)

learning disabilities, delayed speech, infertile

symptoms of klinefelters syndrome

turner syndrome

monosomy X or X0

ovaries die prematurely, need hormone therapy for puberty, some might have cognitive disabilities

symptoms of turners syndrome

assess chances of hereditary disorders

benefit of genetic counseling

prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine

permits detection of developmental problems

human genome project

example of reproductive technologies

amniocentesis, noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT), alpha fetoprotein (maternal blood analysis), ultrasound, UF-MRI

types of prenatal diagnostic methods (5)

noninvasive prenatal testing

most popular prenatal diagnostic method

amniocentesis

prenatal diagnostic method where the obstetrician inserts a think needle into the amniotic fluid to examine for genetic defects; has a slight risk of miscarriage; used to detect trisomy 21

16 wks

when is amniocentesis done?

no, typically only done for those 35 y/o+

is amniocentesis a routine test?

99.4%

how accurate is amniocentesis at detecting genetic issues/defects?

noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT)

prenatal diagnostic method that is just a simple blood test for chromosomal defects

10-12 wks

when is NIPT done?

sex of baby and whether they are Rh + or -

other than chromosomal defects, what else can NIPT tell us?

alpha fetoprotein

prenatal diagnostic method that is a maternal blood analysis that tests for neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly

folic acid

what can the mom take to help reduce the chances of defects like spina bifida and anencephaly?

tumors/fetus growth

what is ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging (UF-MRI) typically used for?

the germinal period, period of the embryo, period. of the fetal

stages of prenatal development

germinal period

zygote formation. is what stage of prenatal development?

germinal period

stage of prenatal development that takes place in the first 2 weeks after conception; the cells attach to the uterine wall, develop the amniotic sack, placenta, and umbilical cord

amniotic sack

protective layer that protects the zygote, controls temp, and cushions against jolts

placenta

teratogens

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

placenta

provides protection from many teratogens, filters blood, O2, nutrients, etc as they enter via the umbilical cord

umbilical cord

delivers blood, O2, nutrients, hormones, and removes waste

first 2 weeks after conception

when does the germinal period take place?

2-8 weeks after conception

when does the period of the embryo take place?

period of the embryo

this is when development of major organs takes place; CRITICAL PERIOD; heart is formed and starts quivering after 3 weeks; vulnerable to harmful prenatal influences

week 9 until birth

when does the period of the fetal take place?

10-16 week

when does gender determination become possible?

amniocentesis and NIPT

these prenatal tests can be done at the period of the fetal

22-26 weeks

what is the age of viability? (can live outside uterus)

less fearful, better temperament, willing to interact with unfamiliar adults

research is starting to show that fetal activity can start to show personality in the last trimester: if the child is active what could that mean?

smoking, medications, addictive drugs, alcohol

examples of teratogens

low birth weight, miscarriage, bv abnormalities, learning disabilities, impaired breathing/asthma

what kind of damage can smoking do in the prenatal period?

no medications, even OTC, should be taken without physician approval

what meds are pregnant women allowed to take?

acutane

this common acne drug can cause embryonic abnormalities

tylenol

this common over the counter drug is beginning to show signs of causing autism/ADHD when used early on in pregnancy

ST = fetal growth restraints; LT = affect memory, learning, behavior

how can smoking weed put baby at risk?

opioids and cocaine

these drugs can be detected in baby even after birth; if you are taking it, they are too