Health, disease and the development of medicines

According to the WHO what is HEALTH?

Health as a state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease

What is a communicable disease?

A disease that can be transmitted person to person, animal to person and insect to person

What is a non-communicable disease?

A disease that is NOT transmitted from one person to another. E.g. heart disease, diabetes,

What is periodontal disease and what can it lead to?

Gum disease and if the bacteria enter the blood they can travel to the heart and cause cardiovascular disease.

What is a pathogen?

A microorganism that causes disease

What are the different types of pathogens?

Bacteria, Virus, Fungus, Protists

What is cholera?

a communicable disease cause by bacteria. It affects the small intestine. Spread by infected water and causes severe vomiting and diarrhoea.
(BACTERIA)

What is tuberculosis (TB)?

Bacterial infection of the lungs and is AIRBORNE
(TB for BACTERIA)

What is chalara ash dieback?

A fungus that infects ash trees and causes leaf loss and bark lesions
(FUNGI)

What is malaria?

Malaria affects the BLOOD AND LIVER. Spread by bites of infected mosquitoes
(PROTIST spread by the VECTOR mosquito)

What is HIV?

VIRUS -
destroys white blood cells/immune system, leading to the onset of AIDS

How is cholera bacteria spread?

contaminated water

How is tuberculosis bacteria spread?

airborne

How is chalara ash dieback fungi spread?

Carried through the air by wind and when diseased ash trees are moved between areas

How is malaria transmitted?

Animal vectors - mosquitos

What is an STI?

Sexually transmitted infection; caused by pathogens and spread through sexual contact.

What is chlamydia?

Most common bacterial STI. More than 1.2 million cases were reported in 2008.

How is chlamydia transmitted?

sexual contact

How can STIs be prevented?

Barrier method contraception

How can HIV be prevented?

do not share needles, use condoms, wear gloves if dealing with blood e.g. nurse

How is HIV spread?

Body fluids

Name 3 physical barriers to provide protection from pathogens in humans?

mucus, cilia and skin

Name two chemical defences to provide protection from pathogens in humans?

lysozymes (in tears breaks down cell wall of bacteria), hydrochloric acid (in stomach kills pathogens)

What is the immune system?

The body's defense against pathogens (white blood cells, lymphocytes, antibodies)

What is a memory lymphocyte?

A lymphocyte that remains in the blood for a long time after an infection or vaccination. On a second exposure to the pathogen they release MORE antibodies FASTER.

What is an antigen?

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

What do lymphocytes release?

antibodies

What is immunisation (vaccination)?

A 'safe' version of the pathogen is injected, lymphocytes release antibodies and memory lymphocytes. If the REAL pathogen then enters the body - the memory lymphocytes release MORE antibodies FASTER so that you are IMMUNE and do not get ill.

Explain the body's response to immunisation using an inactive form of a pathogen

The lymphocytes 'think' it is the real pathogen and start to attack with antibodies. (Memory lymphocytes are also produced)

What are antibiotics?

Drugs that kill or prevent the growth of bacteria without killing healthy body cells (They DO NOT work on VIRUSES)

What do antibiotics target?

bacteria

What are antibiotics only used to treat bacterial infections?

Antibiotics can only be used to treat bacterial
infections because they inhibit cell processes in the bacterium but not the host organism.

What are stages of development of medicines?

Discovery,
Preclinical testing(on cells/tissues in a lab)
Animal testing
Small clinical trail (healthy people)
Large clinical trial (people with disease)

What is a non-communicable disease?

non-communicable human diseases are caused by the interaction of a number of factors, including cardiovascular diseases, many forms of cancer, some lung and liver diseases and diseases influenced by nutrition - they are usually slow to develop and last a long time

Why does exercise help to lose weight?

It BURNS FAT for ENERGY

What is BMI?

Body Mass Index; a measure of body weight relative to height

How is BMI calculated?

MASS in kg/height in meters squared

What is obesity?

excess body fat - BMI over 30

What is the waist to hip ratio?

circumference of the waist divided by the circumference of the hips

Why is waist to hip better than BMI?

Because a weightlifter can have their weight in their muscles and could have a BMI of over 30 but NOT be obese - waist to hip shows if they are ABDOMINALLY OBESE

What organ can alcohol damage?

The Liver (cirrhosis)

What is cardiovascular disease?

All the diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels.

What does smoking cause?

Disease of the heart, blood vessels and lungs
TAR causes cancer
Nicotine is addictive

What are the types of treatment for cardiovascular disease?

life-long medication
surgical procedures
lifestyle changes
STENT
BYPASS

What do we call a blockage of a blood vessel in the brain?

Stroke

What is a stent?

A small object inserted into a blood vessel to open it up and keep it open.

What are lifestyle change treatment for cardiovascular disease?

Stop smoking, low sugar low carb diet, exercise, weight loss, reduce stress