Intro to Genetics Exam 1

Boveri & Sutton (1902-1904)

The chromosome theory of heredity, which is fundamental to the 20th century genetics, often known as the Sutton-Boveri theory. w

Mendel

Knows as the father of Modern Genetics.

Figured out how traits are passed down to the next.

Tschermak

One of the three scientists that independently rediscovered Mendel’s law in the 1900s, helped establish modern genetics.

By connecting fundamental genetics with practical breeding, he transformed genetics into a vital tool for agriculture improvement.

Devries

A dutch botanist & geneticist who was one of the three scientists that also rediscovered Mendel’s law from (1848-1935) & proposed mutation theory.

He advocated that new species arise from sudden genetic changes rather than gradual evolution.

Spontaneous Generation

Living things arise from no living matter

Spermist Theory

Sperm contains the entire performed individual

Ovist Theory

Egg contains the entire performed individual

Particulate Inheritance

Traits passed through genes

Blending Inheritance

Traits mix like fluids

Transmission Genetics

(known classical genetics) Focuses on how traits are passed down from parent to offspring

Molecular Genetics

Studies the structure and function of genes at the molecular level

Disjunction

Normal separation or moving apart of chromosomes toward opposite poles of the cell during cell division

Nondisjunction

(In mitosis)- the failure of sister chromatids to separate during and after mitosis

(In meiosis)- the failure of homologous of chromosomes to segregate or to separate during and after meiosis

Crossover

Refers to the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis

Meiosis

the process where a cell divides twice, forming four cells that each contain half the genetic information

-Forms sperm & egg

Mitosis

cell division in which a single cell divides to produce two genetically, identical daughter cells

Gametogenesis

a process by which gametes, or germ cells, are produced in an organism (Gamete formation)

Zygonema

‘Zygon’~ junction

Refers to the critical stage in meiosis where homologous chromosomes begin to pit and align, facilitating genetic recombination

Diplonema

refers to the chromosomes of the diplotene stage of meiosis. the doubled form of the chromosome strand is visible at the diplotene stage of meiosis

Pachynema

refers to the pachytene stage of meiosis, where homologous chromosomes are tightly paired and begin to shorten

crucial for genetic recombination

Chiasma

The X-shaped structure formed at the point below the brain where the two optic nerves crossover each other

Cytokines

is the process in which a single cell divides into a two daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis

Centromere

a constricted region of chromosomes that serves as the attachment point for spindle fibers during cell division

Telomere

is a region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosome that protects it from becoming tangled

Acrocentric

Having the centromere situated so that one chromosomal arm is shorter than the other

Telocentric

centromere is located at the end of the chromosome, resulting in a chromosome that appears as a long rod with only one arm

Metacentric

refers to a type of chromosome where the centromere is located centrally, resulting in two arms of equal length

MTOC (Microtubule organizing center)

is a defined as a site that localizes microtubule minus ends and is involved in microtubule nucleation, stabilization, and anchoring

centrisms is the best studied MTOC, is generated a radial organization of microtubule crucial for cell division

Centriole

a small cylindrical organelle found in the cytoplasm of animal cells, located near the nucleus

Centrosome

an organelle found near the nucleus in animal cells that serves as the main microtubule-organizing center

Euploid

(nucleus, organism, or cell) having exact multiple of the haploid number of chromosomes

Aneuploid

chromosome abnormality

Phenotype

a set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

Genotype

refers to the genetic constitution of an organism

Allele

is defined as a distinct form of a gene that can exist in multiple variations

Gene

is defined as the basic physical and functional unit of heredity

Monohybrid

is a genetic mix between two individuals who have a homozygous genotypes

Dihybrid

refers to an organism that is heterozygous at two different genetic loci

Test cross

is a br ring experiment used to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype by crossing it with a homozygous recessive individual

Product Rule

is a principle in probability that states the prob. of two independent events both occurring is the product of their individual probabilities

Proband

is an individual who is affected by a genetic condition or is at risk of being affected

Filial

denoting the generation or generations after the parental generation

Heterozygous

having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes

Autosomal

‘autosomal chromosomes’ numbered 1-22, with each chromosome containing chromosomes genes that contribute to various characteristics