Phonological Processes

Fronting

A velar or palatal sound is replaced by a front consonant.

-substitution

-eliminated at 3 1/2

Examples:

"go" becomes /doʊ/

"key" becomes /ti/

Cluster Reduction

Simplification of a consonant cluster or blend by altering or omitting one or more sounds in a cluster (s, l, r).

-elimination

-eliminated at 4

Examples:

"stop" becomes /tɑp/

"glass" becomes /ɡæs/

Reduplication

Repetition of one or more of the syllables within a word.

-substitution

-eliminated at 3

Examples:

"water" becomes /wɔwɔ/

"daddy" becomes /dædæ/

Weak Syllable Deletion

Omission of an unstressed syllable within a polysyllabic target word.

-elimination

-eliminated at 3

Examples:

“banana” becomes /nænə/

“potato” becomes /tedo/

Final Consonant Deletion

Final consonant of a syllable or word is omitted.

-elimination

-eliminated at 3

Examples:

"cat" becomes /kæ/

"hotdog" becomes /hɑ dɑ/

Velar Assimilation

A non-velar sound changes to a velar sound because of the influence of a velar sound in the word.

-substitution

-eliminated at 3 1/2

Examples:

"duck" becomes /ɡʌk/

"take" becomes /kek/

Nasal Assimilation

A non-nasal sound changes to a nasal sound because of the influence of a nasal sound in the word.

-substitution

-eliminated at 3 1/2

Examples:

"candy" becomes /nændi/

"lamb" becomes /næm/

Labial Assimilation

A non-labial sound changes to a labial sound because of the influence of a labial sound in the word.

-substitution

-eliminated at 3 1/2

Examples:

"table" becomes /bebəl/

"stop" becomes /bɑp/

Epenthesis

Insertion of a sound.

-substitution

-eliminated at 3 1/2

Examples:

"please" becomes /pəliz/

"street" becomes /stəɹit/

Stopping

A fricative or aggravate sound is replaced by a stop.

-substitution

-eliminated at 3

Examples:

"shoe" becomes /tu/

"feet" becomes /pit/

Deaffrication

A subset of stopping where an affricate is replaced by another consonant.

-substitution

-eliminated at 3

Examples:

"chin" becomes /tɪn/

"jaw" becomes /dɑ/

Stridency Deletion

A strident sound (f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ) is replaced by a nonstrident sound.

-substitution

-eliminated by 3 1/2

Examples:

"see" becomes /θi/

"fan" becomes /pæn/

Prevocalic Voicing

A voiceless stop, fricative, or affricate preceding a vowel becomes voiced.

-substitution

-eliminated at 3

Examples:

"cake" becomes /gek/

"fish" becomes /vɪʃ/

Devoicing

A voiced consonant becomes voiceless when it occurs at the end of a syllable.

-substitution

-eliminated at 4

Examples:

"dog" becomes /dɑg/

"made" becomes /met/

Gliding

"liquid gliding"

A prevocalic liquid is replaced by a glide.

-substitution

-eliminated by 4

Examples:

"rain" becomes /wen/ or /jen/

"blue" becomes /bwu/

Vocalization

Final /ɹ/, vocalic /ɝ/, /ɚ/ or syllabic consonant /l/ are replaced by a full vowel.

-substitution

-eliminated by 3

Examples:

"girl" becomes /gʌl/

"car" becomes /kaʊ/

What is another name for atypical phonological processes?

Idiosyncratic

Glottal Replacement

ATYPICAL

Substitution of the glottal stop for a consonant, usually found in the medial or final position of the word.

*can often see air released*

Examples:

"bat" becomes /bæʔ/

"walking" becomes /wɑʔɪŋ/

Initial Consonant Deletion

ATYPICAL

The initial (prevocalic) consonant of a word or syllable is omitted. Also, when a consonant cluster is omitted entirely. It leaves ONLY a vowel at the beginning of the word/syllable.

Examples:

"shoe" becomes/u/

"cupcake" becomes /ʌp ek/

Metathesis

ATYPICAL

The reversal of the position of two sounds or syllables.

Examples:

"most" becomes /mots/

"music" becomes /zumɪk/

Backing

ATYPICAL

Consonants typically made in the anterior portion of the mouth (i.e. alveolar) are replaced with back consonants (palatal or velar).

Examples:

"tomorrow" becomes /kəmɑɹo/

"deep" becomes /gip/

Denasalization

ATYPICAL

Replacing nasal consonants with homorganic, non-nasal consonants.

-substituting the closest non-nasal sound for nasal sound.

Examples:

"finger" becomes /fɪgɚ/

"neck" becomes /dɛk/