BACKUP 2.2- The Mongol Empire and the Modern World (copy)

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Mongols and their Identity

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18 Terms

1

Mongols and their Identity

  • Pastoral nomadic clan

  • Gobi Desert

  • All expected to be skilled horse riders and good with short bow

  • Valued courage and hunting and warfare

  • Sought out Silk Road wealth

  • Generally extremely ruthless

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2

Genghis Khan’s Identity

  • The King of the Mongols

  • Expanded their empire greatly

  • Created tribal alliances

  • Defeated neighboring groups

  • Married sons to daughters of other khans

  • Ruthless leader

  • Elected Khan of the Mongols, his name means ruler of all

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3

Genghis Khan: Beginning of Conquest

  • Attacked smaller empires first

  • Killed resistors

    • Occasionally murdered entire populations, leading to other towns pre-surrendering after hearing horror stories

  • Khanate (kingdom) spread from North China to Eastern persia

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4

Mongols at War under Genghis Khan

  • Disciplined Army

  • Communication system advanced with messengers on horseback

  • Incorporated technologies and weapons of those they conquered

    • especially Chinese and persian seige weapons

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5

Mongols at Peace under Genghis Khan

  • Pax Mongolica

  • Used the time for trade cultivation

  • Consulted and learned from Chinese and Islamic scholars and engineers

  • Mongol soldiers protected Silk Roads

  • Liberal politices like religious tolerance

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6

Mongol Empire Expands

  • Genghis dies and leaves three grandsons to set up own khanates

  • Batu and the Golden Horde

  • Hulegu and the Islamic Heartlands

  • Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty

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7

Batu and the Golden Horde

  • He led 100,000 soldiers into Russia (army called the Golden Horde)

  • Forced Russian kingdoms to pay tribute

  • Ruled northern Russia through tributes of existing rulers

  • Moscow rulers saved funds and created their own army, defeating Batu and the Mongols decades later

  • Delayed Russian cultural and technological development for centuries, creating a distinct and unique culture

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8

Hulegu and the Islamic Heartlands

  • He led Mongols into Abbasid territories

  • Destroyed Baghdad and killed the Caliph, killing millions

  • Established Il-Khanate

  • Many converted to Islam

  • Crusaders and Muslim Mamluks United against them

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9

Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty

  • Conquered China under Song Dynasty

  • Assumed title for Great Khan in 1260

  • Established Yuan Dynasty

  • Policy of religious tolerance that helped oppressed Buddhists and Daoists

  • Cultural exchanges and improved foreign trade

  • Mongol women were more independent

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10

Mongols Lose Power in China

  • Yuan Dynasty Mongols alienated Chinese people and chose foreigners over native Chinese

  • Got rid of civil service exam system and meritocracy

  • Killed scholar gentry class

  • Prevented non-Mongols from speaking Mongolian

  • No expansion beyond China

  • White Lotus Society organized to overthrow Yuan rule

  • Zhu Yuanzhang (buddhist monk) led overthrow and founded Ming Dynasty

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11

Long- Term Impacts Good

  • Revitalized interregional trade between Asia, middle east, Africa during Pax Mongolica

  • Silk Road fell when Mongols did, creating new Indian Ocean trade routes

  • Interregional cultural exchange

    • Islamic scientific knowledge to China, Chinese paper helped communication revolution, Greco-Islamic medical knoweldge, Arabic numbering system

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12

Long-Term Impacts Bad and Extra

  • Spread of disease with military conquest

    • Bubonic plague

  • End of armor in Europe

  • End of walled city era thanks to siege weapons and cannons

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13

Khanate

Mongol kingdom

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14

Pax Mongolica

Period of peace under Genghis Khan that focused on trade, cultural and technological exchange, and expanding the Silk Road

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15

Golden Horde

Batu’s Mongol Army that conquered northern Russia

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16

Il-Khanate

Hulegu’s Mongol Empire in the Middle east

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17

Yuan Dynasty

Kublai Khan’s empire in China

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White Lotus Society

Secret organization of Chinese that overthrew Mongol Yuan Dynasty and established the Ming Dynasty

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