1471 Midterm Study Guide

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; federal law protecting patient privacy and information.

HIPAA

A safety protocol used before a procedure to confirm patient identity, procedure, and surgical site.

Time-Out

time outs confirm 3 things

pt identity

procedure

surgical site

ALARA stands for what

As Low As Reasonably Achievable; a principle in radiation safety to minimize exposure.

reducing radiation relies on three things

Time-Distance-Shielding

The degree of stretch of the heart muscle prior to contraction, related to the volume of blood returning to the heart.

Preload

The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during contraction.

Afterload

The percentage of blood that is ejected from the heart during each contraction.

Ejection Fraction (EF)

The average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle.

Mean Pressure

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure is what pressure

Pulse Pressure

what word for structuresthat work together to prevent valve prolapse during ventricular contraction, ensuring efficient blood ejection.

valvular apparatus

areas where the valve leaflets meet that are made of fibrous tissue that supports the valve leaflets. where anterior /posterior leaflets come together at their insertion into the annulus

commisures

what makes up the valvular apparatus

valve leaflets

chordae tendineaae

papillary muscles

sometimes commisures

Biological effects resulting from exposure to radiation, including potential harm to tissues.

Radiation effects

Random, probabilistic effects where the probability of occurrence (not severity) increases with radiation dose. There is no safe threshold (even low doses carry some risk).

Caused by DNA damage that leads to mutations (e.g., cancer or hereditary effects).

Stochastic effects

Effects with a threshold dose below which they do not occur. Severity (not probability) increases with dose

• Caused by cell death/damage overwhelming repair mechanisms (e.g., tissue injury)

Deterministic effects

Random, probabilistic effects (e.g., cancer) where probability increases with dose; no safe threshold. Caused by DNA mutations.

Stochastic effects

Effects (e.g., skin burns) with a threshold dose; severity increases with dose. Caused by cell death exceeding repair capacity.

Deterministic effects

The spreading of radiation in different directions as it passes through matter.

Scattering

The negative electrode in an x-ray tube that emits electrons.

Cathode

The positive electrode in an x-ray tube that receives electrons and produces x-rays.

Anode

Anatomical points used to guide procedures such as venous access.

Access landmarks

patient positioned at an incline between 30-45

semi fowlers

pt positioned 45-60 degrees

fowlers

H&P means

History and Physical; an assessment that gathers patient history and examines physical status.

A method used to prevent contamination by pathogens during medical procedures.

Aseptic technique

Sterile technique aims to ******* **** ****** from an environment or object. It is stricter than aseptic technique and involves using sterilized instruments

Sterile technique aims to eliminate all microorganisms (including bacteria, viruses, and spores) from an environment or object. It is stricter than aseptic technique and involves using sterilized instruments