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Carbohydrates
Compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Monosaccharide
Single sugar unit.
Disaccharide
Sugar composed of two monosaccharides.
Polysaccharide
Molecule made of many monosaccharides.
Pentose sugar
Monosaccharide with 5 carbons.
Hexose sugar
Monosaccharide with 6 carbons.
Triose sugar
Monosaccharide with 3 carbons.
Furanose ring
5-atom ring in a monosaccharide.
Pyranose ring
6-atom ring in a monosaccharide.
Isomer
Molecule with the same formula but different structure.
Alpha-glucose
Glucose with the hydroxyl group below the ring.
Beta-glucose
Glucose with the hydroxyl group above the ring.
Reducing sugars
Sugars that reduce Cu2+ ions.
Non-reducing sugar
Sugar that doesn't reduce Cu2+ ions.
Qualitative test
Determines presence or absence of a chemical.
Semi-quantitative test
Estimates concentration range.
Quantitative test
Measures exact concentration.
Glycosidic bonds
Bonds between monosaccharides in polysaccharides.
Iodine Test
Adding iodine solution to a sample to detect the presence of starch.
Starch
A polysaccharide that, when present, turns the iodine solution blue-black.
Starch Helix
Part of a starch molecule coiled due to weak hydrogen bonds.
Iodide Ions
Present in iodine solution, they form a complex with starch in the helix.
Cellulose
A structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, made of beta-glucose with β(1-4) glycosidic bonds.
β(1-4) Glycosidic Bonds
Bonds between beta-glucose molecules in cellulose, forming straight chains.
Hydrogen Bonds
Many form between cellulose molecules, giving cellulose fibers high tensile strength.
Microfibril
Cellulose molecules combine to form these structures.
Macrofibril
Combination of microfibrils, forming larger structures in cellulose fibers.
Permeable
Term applicable to cellulose cell walls due to gaps between fibers, not to cellulose itself.