Respiratory System

Pharynx

Pharynx

Throat

Muscular passageway for food and air

Uvula is found here

Tonsils are found here

Ulvula

Responsible for sealing off nasal cavity during swallowing

Tonsils

Responsible for trapping and removing bacteria/pathogens entering throat

Larynx

Contains vocal cords

Epiglottis found here

Epiglottis

Responsible for sealing off trachea during swallowing

Trachea

Windpipe

Made up of hyaline cartilage

Lined with ciliated cells continuously beating opposite of the flow of air to filter and sweep material out of the lungs

Bronchi

Two large branches off of the trachea

Bronchioles

Smaller branches off of bronchi- found in lungs

Lead to alveoli (gas exchange)

Alveoli

Very tiny air sacs that are the site of gas exchange

Gas exchange

Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes the waste product carbon dioxide

Where does gas exchange happen?

Between the capillaries of the circulatory system and the alveoli of the respiratory system

Mouth

Used for eating and speaking

Nasal Cavity

Filters and warms air to make moist before entering the lungs

Diaphragm

Muscle that contracts and flattens that created a vacuum for air to enter the lungs

Tidal Volume (TV)

The volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after a normal inspiration

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

Vital Capacity (VC)

The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

VC= TV+IRV+ERV

Residual Volume (RV)

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (the lungs cannot be completely emptied)

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

VC+RV

Minute Ventilation

The volume of air breathed in 1 minute (TV)(breaths/minute)

What is required for respirtation?

Larger surface area, thin membrane, moist respiratory surfaces

Pressure Gradient

O2 and CO2 diffuse where there pressures are higher to go to where they are lower

ALWAYS HIGH TO LOW GRADIENT

Steps of Gas Exchange

1. Inhalation

2. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into deoxygenated RBCs

   1. always flows with gradient

3. RBCs delivers oxygen to body, transports CO2 back to lungs

What is made of simple squamous epithelium?

Alveoli and capillaries (very thin membrane)

Oxyhemoglobin

Oxygen that attaches to hemoglobin in RBCs

Gas Transportation of Oxygen

Oxygen attaches to protein hemoglobin in RBCs

Gas Transportation of Carbon Dioxide

1. Transports as bicarbonate ions (70%)

2. Bound to hemoglobin (23%)

3. Dissolved in plasma (7%)

Inspiration

Air flowing into lungs

Expiration

Air leaving lungs

Intercostalis

Pulls ribs to elevate rib cage

Serratus Dosrsalis

Depresses rib cage

What does RBCs convert carbon dioxide ions to?

Carbonic Acid

Is Carbonic Acid stable?

No, must convert to bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions (BUT NOT ALL)

What happens to the remaining hydrogen in RBCs?

Turns acidic, can cause shift in pH, but hemoglobin will bind to the ions to maintain pH levels.

Why is carbon dioxide converted for transportation in RBCs?

The conversion into bicarbonate allows for the continued uptake of carbon dioxide in the blood, due to the concentration gradient

What happens to the bicarbonate buffer system once it reaches the lungs?

Process reverses as it reaches the lungs

Benefits of Bicarbonate buffer system

1. Maintains pH levels

   1. Maintains carbon dioxide concentration gradient

Respiratory Disorders

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Emphysema

Chronic Bronchitits

Blood

Found in arteries and veins throughout the body

Red blood cell

Biconcave disks, anucleate (dark pink)

White blood cell

Nucleated, larger but less numerous than RBCs (purple)

Platelet

Tiny, fragments of cells responsible for clotting blood after an injury (tiny dots)

Plasma

Fluid matrix, contains various of substances

Simple Squamous

Found in alveoli

Empty space

Air

Nuclei in Simple Squamous

dark purple

Individual cell in Simple Squamous

Light pink, “squashed” shape (like a fried egg)?

Red blood cell in Simple Squamous

Dark pink, space between squamous layers, away from air space

Cardiac Muscle

Lining atria and ventricles in the heart, myocardium

Nucleus in Cardiac Muscle

Blue

Muscle Fiber in Cardiac Muscle

Green, singular strand

Striation

Thin, small, vertical grooves (Red)

Intercalated disk in Cardiac muscle

Darker and less frequent than striations (Black)

Branch

A fork in the fibers (Yellow)

Smooth muscle

Lining hallow organs and lining arteries and veins