Kingdom Animalia Lecture Notes

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on Kingdom Animalia, covering topics such as animal characteristics, body plans, symmetry, habitats, and various phyla including Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Chordata.

Animals are

Heterotrophic

Animals have _ which controls variety

Hox genes

Most animal muscles contain _

Collagen

List the grades of organization, from cells to organism.

Cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ system -> organism

Name the four “master plans” of animal body size

Unicellular, cell aggregate, blind sac, tube-within-a-tube

What are the 4 determinants of a multicellular body?

Symmetry, Presence/absence of a body cavity, Presence/absence of segmentation, Cephalisation

What are the three types of animal symmetry?

Spherical, Radial, Bilateral

Name the five major habitats for animals

Sea, estuaries, freshwater, land, and air, body of another living organism

What does the freshwater environment consist of?

Rivers, lakes, dams, ponds with reduced salinity

Animals living at the bottom of the ocean are called _

Benthic

Animals that swim in the ocean are called _

Pelagic

Sponges have

Spongin fibres

What are the two layers of a sponge?

Epithelium and gastroderm

Name the layers of the sponge structure

Epithelium, Mesohyal, Gastrodermis

What cell creates a current around itself for feeding in sponges?

Choanocytes

Name one of the asexual reproduction methods of sponges

Budding

How do sponges overcome the SA:V problem?

They have a porous body structure which increases the surface area for water flow, allowing efficient diffusion of oxygen, nutrients and waste removal despite their relatively large size.

Name some of the animals in Phylum Cnidaria.

Hydra, blue bottles, jellyfish, anemones, coral

What is the symmetry of Cnidaria?

Radial

Cnidaria are _, occurring in several different forms.

Polymorphic

What are the tissue layers of a Cnidarian?

Epidermis, gastrodermis

What cells are unique to Cnidaria?

Nematocysts

Cnidaria use a _ for support.

Hydrostatic skeleton

Name a form of movement in Cnidarians.

Somersaulting

Name a form of asexual reproduction in Cnidarians.

Budding

The truly distinctive characteristic of the Cnidaria is the presence of _

Cnidocytes

Platyhelminthes are at the level of organization

Organ

Platyhelminthes have a gut.

Blind-sac

Platyhelminthes are , meaning they have no true body cavity.

Acoelomate

How do Platyhelminthes solve the problem of inner layer access to oxygen?

Flattening the body

Planaria belong to which class of Platyhelminthes?

Turbellaria

Planaria have _ for light detection.

Eye spots

Planaria use an _ for feeding.

Avertable pharynx

Planaria are _, having both male and female reproductive organs

Hermaphroditic

What is the function of an excretory system?

Removing nitrogenous waste and urine

What is another name for bilharzia?

Schistosoma

Class Trematoda uses to maintain in circulatory system.

Hooks and suckers

Where do Schistoma live?

Veins around host's bladder

Class Cestoda are commonly known as _

Tapeworms

What is the structure of Class Cestoda?

Head/scolex and chain of proglottids

Flatworms use a _ skeleton for movement and support.

Hydrostatic

How do Planaria maximize energy intake?

A branched gut, extendible pharynx, flat body & simple digestion

Nematoda are organisms.

pseudocoelomate

What is the outer covering of Nematodes?

Cuticle

Nematodes have _, which cause side to side thrashing for movement.

Longitudinal muscles only

Earthworms belong to which Phylum?

Annelida

Each segment of an annelid is called a _

Metamere

Nereis belong to which class of Annelida?

Polychaeta

Class Polychaeta have 2 _ (bristles, flat)

Parapodium

How do some male Polychaeta reproduce?

explode their body to release sperm

Earthworms are in which class of Annelida?

Oligochaeta

Leeches belong to which class of Annelida?

Hirudinea

Compare the neural control of the annelid with that of the cnidarian?

Annelid has a centralized nervous system with brain, ventral nerve cord, and ganglia. Enables coordinated, directional movement and complex control over body functions. Cnidarian has a nerve net with no central brain. Allows for simple, reflexive responses.

Why are arthropods the largest and most successful phylum among the animals?

Protective exoskeleton, jointed limbs, adaptability, efficient respiration, rapid reproduction, ability to live in diverse habitats.

Spiders belong to which subphylum of Arthropoda?

Chelicerata

Crabs belong to which subphylum of Arthropoda?

Crustacea

Centipedes belong to which subphylum of Arthropoda?

Myriapoda

Insects belong to which subphylum of Arthropoda?

Hexapoda

Insects use _ to remove waste.

Malpighian tubules

List four characteristics common to annelids and arthropods

Segmented bodies, bilateral symmetry, a coelom and a ventral nerve cord

List five ways in which arthropods differ from annelids

protective exoskeleton, jointed limbs, exoskeleton provides support, an open circulatory system, and grow by moulting

What are the three parts of the mollusca body?

Head-foot, visceral mass, and mantle

What feeding structure is unique to the mollusca phylum?

Radula

Snails belong to which class of Mollusca?

Gastropoda

Chitons belong to which class of Mollusca?

Polyplacophora

Clams belong to which class of Mollusca?

Bivalvia

Octopus belong to which class of Mollusca?

Cephalopoda

Why do molluscs display such plasticity in their body form?

Due to their simple, flexible body plan, allowing key parts to be modified for different environments and lifestyles, leading to a wide variety of forms.

Echinodermata are , in which the mouth forms after the anus.

Deuterostomes

Echinodermata have symmetry.

Pentraradiate

What is the multi-purpose structure in Echinodermata?

Tube feet

Starfish belong to which class of Echinodermata?

Asteroidea

Sea urchins belong to which class of Echinodermata?

Echinoidea

Sea cucumbers belong to which class of Echinodermata?

Holothuroidea

Describe in detail the relationship between the diet, structure and movement in Asteroidea.

Asteroidea: the tube feet allow them to pry open the shells of bivalves (prey). Their stomach can evert (extend outside the body) to digest prey externally

Describe in detail the relationship between the diet, structure and movement in Echinoidea.

Echinoidea: their structure, including the specialised mouthparts and spines, supports their scraping feeding habits, while their movement aids in slowly navigating surfaces in search for food

Describe in detail the relationship between the diet, structure and movement in Holothuroidea.

Holothuroidea: their tentacle-like tube feet are adapted for scooping or filtering detritus, tying their structure directly to their feeding method and habitat

In protostome development, the blastopore becomes the _

mouth

In deuterostome development, the blastopore becomes the _

anus

What are the characteristics of Phylum Chordata?

Notochord, Hollow dorsal nerve tube, Gill slits in pharynx, Segmented body muscles, Postanal tail

Sea squirts belong to which subphylum of Chordata?

Urochordata

Lancets belong to which subphylum of Chordata?

Cephlachordata

Fish belong to which subphylum of Chordata?

Vertebrata

What kind of limb is present in subphylum vertebrata?

Pentadactyl limb

Vertebrate eggs belonging to Class Amphibia need to be near water because they

Lay their eggs in water

Class have Thick, water resistant skin (keeps water in).

Reptilia

Birds belong to which class of vertebrates?

Aves

Birds maintain a due to feathers

Constant body temperature

Humans belong to which class of vertebrates?

Mammalia

Mammals use to increase rate of oxygen intake, maintain body temperature, and separate gut from lungs.

Muscular diaphragm

_ mammals can disadvantage mother because babies gestate in mother

Placental

The duck-billed platypus belongs to which order of mammals?

Monotremata

What evidence suggests that the two deuterostome phyla (Echinodermata & Chordata) should be grouped together?

There is evidence of deuterostome development: anus forms before the mouth during embryonic development. They share similar embryological traits, like radial, indeterminate cleavage.

What evidence suggests that the two deuterostome phyla (Echinodermata & Chordata) should be grouped together?

They share similar embryological traits, like radial, indeterminate cleavage.

Name four hallmarks shared by all chordates, and explain the function of each.

Notochord – a flexible rod that provides support. Dorsal hollow nerve cord – becomes the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates. Pharyngeal slits or pouches – used for filter-feeding or develop into gills/ structures in the head and neck. Post-anal tail – aids in movement, especially in aquatic species

Why is it necessary to study the life history of a sea squirt to understand why they are chordate?

Adult sea squirts lose chordate features, but the larvae possess all four hallmarks. Studying their lifecycle reveals their chordate identity, especially through the tadpole-like larval stage that shows typical chordate traits

What is symbiosis?

Association between two organisms that are not of the same two species

Association between two organisms where they both benefit (different species)

Mutualism

One benefits, other is neither harmed nor benefitted

Commensalism

One is harmed, other is not

Parasitism