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Cells
Tissues are made of:
Tight
An occluding intercellular junction is
gap juctions
intercellular junction speciallised for rapid communications is
epithelial tissue
tissue type that develops from all 3 germ layers
simple cuboidal epithelia
the type of epithelial tissue is found lining kidney tubules
psuedo-stratified columnar
epithelial tissue type that goblet cells are found in
osseous tissue
tissue type that contains calcium phosphate salts and lacunae
elastic cartilage
the shape of the external ear and nose is maintained by
forms the tendons of muscles and ligaments of joints
Dense regular connective tissue…
nervous tissue
tissue type that does NOT regenerate easily
strain
tearing or stretching of skeletal or cardiac muscle fibres is a
myofibrosis
replacement of muscle tissue by connective tissues (scar tissue)
fibrinolysis
process whereby a blood clot is broken down after tissue repair
gets larger
if a cell hypertrophies, it…
rule of nines
estimates the surface area of a human body affected by a burn
mesenchymal cells
stem cells found in the periosteum and bone marrow that can differentiate into many types of tissue cells needed for regeneration and repair is called
inflammation and haemostasis
first steps in wound healing
anchoring junction
what type of intercellular junction is a hemidesmosome
provide structural support and stability to tissues subjected to mechanical stress
function of a hemidesmosome
nervous tissue
tissue type that arise from Ectoderm
Muscular and Connective tissue
tissue type(s) that arise from Mesoderm
Bone
type of connective tissue in osteocytes
Cartilage
type of connective tissue in Chondroblasts
Blood
type of connective tissue in Erythrocytes
Fibroblasts
type of cell that makes collagen in connective tissue
Goblet cells
type of cell that Secretes mucus in simple columnar epithelia
Pericytes
type of cell that Regenerates smooth muscle
Bone Marrow
location for Haematopoietic stem cells
Surrounding organs such as skin
location for Areolar connective tissue
Intervertebral discs
location for Fibrocartilage
Upper Respiratory Tract
location for Pseudo-stratified epithelium
Spleen
location for Reticular connective tissue
Heart
location for Cardiac muscle
Alveoli in lungs
location for Simple squamous epithelium
squamous
thin, flat, tile-like cells
Pseudo-stratified
appears to have several layers but all cells are attached to the basement
Exocrine
glands whose secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
Simple
composed of a single layer of cells
to form mesh frameworks
main function of Reticular fibres
for tensile strength
main function of Collagen
absorbing shock
main function for Fibrocartilage
storing fat and energy
main function for Adipose tissue
Blunt force trauma
physical trauma caused by an object or force striking the body
Haematoma and broken bones
types of blunt force trauma
Penetrating trauma
Refers to an injury where an object pierces the skin or body, resulting in an open wound
Puncture wounds, lacerations, deep tissue damage
types of penetrating trauma
regeneration
The process of replacing destroyed or damaged tissue with the same kind of cells involves dividing parenchymal cells. Resulting in the restoration of the original structure and function of the tissue without the formation of scar tissue (no scarring)
parenchymal cells
functional cells of an organ or tissue
fibrosis
type of tissue repair that occurs when there is damage to the tissue. Involves the replacement of destroyed tissue with dense connective tissue. Resulting in the formation of scar tissue (scarring present)
Vascular Spasm
Coagulation
Platelet Plug Formation
3 phases of Haemostasis in order
Open (compound) fracture
type of bone fracture where the broken bone penetrates through the skin
haematoma
collection of coagulated blood outside a blood vessel but within the body which can be seen under the skin or nails as bruises
Contusion
collection of coagulated blood specifically referring to bruises than can be seen under the skin or nails but is ALWAYS VISIBLE on the surface of the skin
Gliosis
formation of scar tissue composed of glial cells in the CNS as a response to damage or injury
returning interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins to the blood
one of the functions of the lymphatic system
spleen
lymphatic organ’s major job is to destroy work-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver
tonsils
lymphoid tissue found in the pharynx
Peyer’s patches
lymphoid tissue found in the distal part of the small intestines
Site where T lymphocytes mature
role of the thymus
mammary glands
where are Lacteals found in
lacrimate
term used for lymph present in the lacteals are
spleen
lymphoid organ that filter blood and not lymph
characteristics of Lymph nodes
Have more afferent vessels entering than efferent vessels leaving the node, contain lymphocytes and macrophages
tonsils, the appendix, and Peyer’s patches
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes:
mechanical and chemical barriers
“first line of defense” in immunity is:
natural killer cells
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed BEFORE activation of adaptive immunity by ___________
vasodilation
the redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperaemia caused by
complement
the antimicrobial protein that forms holes in bacterial cells causing them to burst are
T cells
Cell-mediated adaptive immunity involves
Artificial active acquired immunity
Immunity that develops as a result of a vaccination is called
antibody production
Which one of the following are part of the “third line of body defenses”?
occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the primary response
The secondary immune response _______
IgA
the most abundant type of immunoglobin
neutralization
The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on toxins to block their harmful effects
When interstitial fluid and plasma drain into the lymphatic system
How does lymph form?
Lymphatic ducts
What type of lymphatic vessel empties lymph into the venous system?
Bone marrow
Becomes major hematopoietic organ
Bone Marrow
Where B lymphocytes become immunocompetent
Thymus gland
Where T cells become immunocompetent
Bone marrow & Thymus gland
The two primary lymphoid organs
Mediastinum overlying the heart
Location of the thymus
Is the site where T cells become immunocompetent and of immunological self-tolerance
Function of the thymus
Upper left abdominal cavity, tucked up behind the stomach
Location of the spleen
Filters blood and acts as a blood reservoir, removes worn-out blood cells and platelets and other debris
Function of the spleen
Beneath mucous membranes in which lymphocytes are the predominant cell type; no distinct capsule unlike lymph nodes
Location of the Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Traps and removes bacteria and other foreign materials that have come in contact with the mucosa
Function of the Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Generate “memory” lymphocytes
Function of the Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
Lymph nodes
The principle lymphatic organ
Clustered in the:
Neck (cervical), Armpits (axillary), Groin (inguinal), Popliteal regions
Locations of the Lymph Nodes
houses many specialised cells
Function of the lymph nodes
filters lymph before returning it to the blood
Function of the lymph nodes
Phagocytes
What can be found fixed in lymph nodes?
B & T lymphocytes
The 2 types of phagocytes that can be found in lymph nodes
responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
B lymphocytes’ function with regards to activating the third line of defense
responsible for cell-mediated immunity
T lymphocytes’ function with regards to activating the third line of defense
Innate
is Non-specific; innate or adaptive?
Innate
is Antimicrobial proteins; innate or adaptive?
Adaptive
is Antibodies; innate or adaptive?
Adaptive
is Specific; innate or adaptive?
Innate
is Fever; innate or adaptive?