ANTH106 exam

Where is Jericho

Jordan Valley, west bank

What did Elman Service do

Band, tribe, chiefdom, state

What did Charles Redman do

7 stages from mobile hunter gatherer to national state

Where is Catal Hoyuk, and what

Anatolia, Turkey (it is also an advanced farming village), walls around the city, religious bases

Hassuna

Neolithic early farming village, on the way to a state, in northern Mesopotamia

Gordon Childe?

Craft specialisation hypothesis

When was Tutankhamen

18th dynasty

Yellow river

northern china, millet

Formation of city state in China?

Xia (2100-1600BC)

What order are the cultures/dynasties in China like the first ones

Longshan, Xia, then Shang, then Zhou (western and eastern), then Qin, then Han

What are Erlitou and Erligang

Xia and early/middle Shang

Zhengzhou

early Shang city founded in 1700BC

Anyang

late Shang city capital

oracle bones is how they found the city, lots of burial grounds and cemeteries

Lady Fu Hao

concubine of the Shang emperor Wu Ding, very respected

buried in Anyang

When did the Shang dynasty end

at the Battle of Muye in 1045 BC by the Zhou

What is the silk road

trade route from Xian to Europe

Xian is the old Han capital

When was Buddhism introduced to Japan and from where?

6th century AD, from India

Where is Kosipe and when were people there?

In the highlands of New Guinea, people were there 50,000 years ago

When were people in remote Oceania? and who were they

3300BP, Lapita people

Where can Lapita pottery be found?

From New Guinea to Samoa

Where is Nan Madol? what is it?

Pohnpei - basalt columns and islets

What are 4 traits of apes compared to monkeys

1. Broadened nose

2. Widened palate

3. Enlarged brain

4. Lack of tail

In what period did the human lineage diverge from the apes

In the Miocene

4 traits of Australopithecines compared to humans

1. More U shaped jaws

2. Small brains

3. More bow-legged

4. More funnel ribcage

Who is the Taung child?

Australopithecus africanus

Where is Olduvai Gorge? and who did a lot of excavations there?

Tanzania, the Leakeys

What is the Movius Line?

Where bifaces disappear, held since 1948, because they started using organic tools, or they were a cultural thing?

Who is Eugene Dubois

Some guy who went to Indonesia to try and find early man (from orangutans, racist), discovered the first Homo erectus fossil

Where were the Australopithecus afarensis footprints found and who by?

Laetoli, Tanzania, by Mary Leakey

Where was Homo Habilis found, by whom, and when

In Olduvai Gorge, by Jonathan Leakey in 1960

What period of tools were found in Olduvai Gorge?

Oldowan

What was found in Sangiran 17 and when

The most complete Homo erectus skull 1969

Where was Peking Man found, and what was he

Zhoukoudian, Homo erectus (Sinanthropus pekinensis)

Who was the last common ancestor of Homo neanderthalensis and modern humans?

Homo heidelbergensis

What was found in Sima del Elefante and when

First hominin in Europe, Homo antecessor? Probably Homo erectus, 1.3-1.0mya

What was found in Gran Dolina and when from?

100 human fossils with stone artefacts (not Acheulean), Homo antecessor? probably erectus, ate other hominins!, 772-949 kya

Sima de los Huesos? when and what

600-400kya? transition between heidelbergensis and neanderthals

Who was the old man of La Chapelle

Neanderthal

Where is Shanidar Cave, when was it found and when was it from

Iraq, 1950s, 65-35,000 years ago

Shanidar 1?

Crippled young neanderthal who was looked after

Shanidar 4

Neanderthal flower burial

When were neanderthals from?

150-28 kya, mostly went extinct by 41-39kya except in Gorham’s cave in Gibraltar

When was the last glacial maximum?

27-19kya

When were modern homo sapiens around

125kya

Bodo?

In Ethiopia, thought to be oldest fossil on direct family tree, Homo heidelbergensis, 670-600kya

Where and when do we see the earliest anatomically modern homo sapiens?

Omo 1, Ethopia, 195kya

Herto, Ethiopia

Where and when is an early anatomically modern human found outside of Ethiopia?

Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, 300,000 ya, found in 2017

What is the only African species that was contemporary with modern humans?

Homo naledi

Where was Homo naledi found, when, when from, by who, how much? 5 traits, 1 similarity, 1 challenge

Rising Star Cave in South Africa, 2013, 335-236kya, Lee Berger, >1500 remains of at least 15 individuals

1. 450-600cc

2. 4’9” - 5’2”

3. massive brow ridges

4. apey shoulders

5. humanlike but curved feet

1. similar to homo floresiensis

2. challenges the idea that our brains kept getting bigger

Does anatomically modern = behaviourally modern?

No

What is the Chatelperronian industry? and when

45-40-kya, blend of Mousterian and Aurignacian, looks like neanderthals copying the finished product from modern humans but using their own techniques

When did humans colonise Sahul?

40-50,000ya, or 65,000ya

What is Madjedbebe?

Site in Sahul, dates artefacts at 65,000ya

What are 2 high altitude sites?

Ivane Valley - 2000m, 45-49kya

Neon Basin - 3000m

Upper Palaeolithic ‘cultures’?

Aurignacian 43-37kya

Gravettian 29-21kya

Solutrean 21-17kya

Magdalenian ~18kya

What culture are Venus figurines associated with?

Gravettian, but a bit in Aurignacian and Magdalenian

3 theories for the colonisation of the Americas?

1. Clovis First (from Asia via Berignia 12,900-11,000BP)

2. Coastal migration (“The Kelp Highway”, coast)

3. The Solutrean Solution (from Europe)

What are 4 characteristics of Neolithic cultures

1. Ground stone tools

2. Pottery

3. Sedentism

4. Agriculture

Where is the Fertile Crescent?

Mesopotamia, into Egypt

Kebara cave - where, when, what was found

Israel, 23,000-17,000BP (Epipalaeolithic period) , sickles showed wild grain harvesting, hunting of small game

Ohalo II

20,000BC, under the Sea of Galilee in northern Israel, found grinding stones, Neolithic? maybe because of ground stone tools and sedentism, but no domesticates and no pottery

When was Natufian culture

13,500-9,500BC

When was the Early Natufian period? what were they like

13,500 - 10,800 BC (Bolling-Allerod interstadial, warmer and wetter) more sedentary

When was the Late Natufian period?

10,800 - 9,500 BC (Younger Dryas, colder and drier), more mobile

Hilazon Tachtit

Natufian site, 12,000ya, burial of a disabled woman, evidence of ritual

‘Ain Mallaha, what was found there and when was it

Early Natufian site, 50 circular houses, sedentary, burial of person with dog, 10,000 - 8200 BC

5 indicators of sedentism in the archaeological record

1. Fauna and flora

2. Density of flint artefacts

3. Evidence of rebuilding architecture

4. First commensal animals

5. Formal cemeteries

1. High mobility

   • exception

2. Semi sedentary

3. Truly sedentary

1. Kebaran

   • Ohalo II

2. Natufian

3. Neolithic

Agriculture

Food production system

Propagation

Planting seeds, breeding animals

Husbandry

Looking after the plants or animals while they grow

Harvesting

Gathering the ripe plant material, killing the animals

Storage

Putting aside surplus for the next cycle

Domestication

The process whereby plants and animals became part of human food production systems. The creation of the ‘artificial ecosystems’ that support agriculture

When did the Holocene start

12,000 or 10,000 or 11,700 years ago

What was the Younger Dryas

cold snap

What plant was domesticated in the Middle East

Wheat

What plant was domesticated in China

Rice, diffused into Southeast Asia

What plant was domesticated in Mexico

Corn or maize

What plant was domesticated in New Guinea

Taro (as well as in other places)

What is the biggest killer in hunting and gathering communities

Childbirth

What are 3 benefits of sedentism

1. allows greater investment in technology

2. Puts less strain on the vulnerable

3. Allows communities to invest more in place

What are 2 reasons someone would become an agriculturalist

1. get bigger and better to eat

2. animals become more manageable

What are 3 environmental theories for the origin of agriculture

1. Oasis theory - Gordon Childe - people living together in oases domesticated animals when it was hotter and drier

2. Hilly Flanks - Robert Braidwood - Agriculture developed here not in the fertile crescent

3. Marginal zone - Lewis Binford - population increase

What are the 3 categories of theories for the origin of agriculture

1. Environmental

2. Demographic

3. Evolutionary

What did corn come from

A grass called teosinte

What are three places agriculture in not indigenous to

Japan, Europe, or northern Africa (egypt)

What are 3 places agriculture is indigenous to

Northern and southern China, Ethiopia, North and South America

What is the Neolithic Revolution

Gordon Childe

Move from gathering food from the natural environment to producing food in modified or even artificial environments

What are 6 aspects of agricultural settlements

1. Investment in place

2. Close proximity to production zones

3. Permanent structures

4. Densely occupied settlements

5. Investment in labour and energt

6. Bury ancestors often close to where they live

What are 3 consequences of sedentism

1. Technology: greater investment in

2. Demography: less strain on vulnerable

3. Society: time and resources to pursue complex social practices

What are 4 indirect pieces of evidence for agriculture

1. Archaeological site evidence

2. Neolithic tool types

3. Landscape change (deforestation, burning, sedimentation, cores of swamp)

4. Faunal remains in middens (age-sex ratio of animasl killed)

what are 5 neolithic tool types

1. Grinding stones (tho also in hunter gatherer)

2. Pottery (also some hunter, not all neo)

3. Ground stone tools

4. Personal ornaments

5. Digging sticks

What are 2 direct pieces of evidence for agriculture

1. Intact agricultural systems (often seen from air)

2. Presence of morphologically domestic plants and animals

Who excavated Jericho and what is it

Kathleen Kenyon, a walled town

What are the 5 steps of Oasis theory, developed by who?

Gordon Childe

1. Desiccation of the Near East after Ice Age

2. Humans/plants/animals congregate around oases

3. Humans develop close understanding of plant/animal lifecycles

4. Humans start to exercise control over plant/animal stocks

5. Gradual development of true agriculture

Jarmo, Cayonu, Khirokitia

Neolithic settlements

Jarmo - in the fertile crescent - Robert Braidwood

Cayonu - southeastern Turkey - grill plan foundations

Khirokitia - cyprus - circular structures

When were the first farming communities in Europe

8500BP

What are 3 models for the emergence of farming in Europe

1. Diffusion and migration (mostly)

2. Independent innovation (no)

3. European hunter gatherers adopted farming

What are European domesticates and are they indigenous

Sheep, wheat, goats, barley, no they’re no they came from the east as farmers spread and displaced other groups