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Gases: water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane which are the main greenhouse gases
Most clouds form in the troposphere and play an important role in the albedo effect for the planet
Incoming solar radiation is mostly made up of visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared heat
Nearly 50% of this is absorbed, scattered or reflected by the atmosphere and clouds before it reaches the surface of the earth
5% is absorbed, this is used in several processes including photosynthesis, heating the ground and seas, evaporation
Stratospheric Ozone: key component of the atmospheric system because it protects living systems from the negative effects of ultraviolet radiation from the sun
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Ozone: is found in two layers in the atmospheric. Ozone is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms.
Atmosphere Ozone:
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Ozone-depleting substances: including halogenated organic gases, are used in aerosis, plastics, and such to cause halogen atoms from these pollutants to increase destruction of ozone in a repetitive cycle so allowing more ultraviolet to reach the earth
Halogenated organic gases can liberate halogen atoms when exposed to ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere
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Oxygen-depleting substances (ODS):
Harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation:
Benefits of ultraviolet radiation:
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One chlorine atom can destroy many molecules of ozone in a chain reaction with positive feedback
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The montreal project: Is an international agreement to phase out the production of ozone depleting substances
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Combustion of fossil fuels produces primary pollutants which may generate secondary pollutants and lead to photochemical smog, whose levels can vary by topography, population density and climate
Primary Pollutants: from the combustion of fossil fuels include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, black carbon/soot, unburned hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and oxides of sulfur
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In the presence of sunlight, secondary pollutants are formed when primary pollutants undergo a variety of reactions with other chemicals already present in the atmosphere.
Tropospheric Ozone is an example of a secondary pollutant, formed when oxygen molecules react with oxygen atoms that are released from nitrogen dioxide in the presence of sunlight
The nitrogen dioxide released into the atmosphere is highly reactive and damages crops, which creates respiratory illness and damages fabrics and rubber materials
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The ozone is found at ground level where it is naturally released by plants and soil where hydrocarbons can be found along with stratospheric ozone. This occasionally migrates down to the earth’s surface. However, these contributions to the ozone are not considered to be harmful to the health of humans or the environment
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Smog: is a complex mixture of primary and secondary, of which tropospheric ozone is the main pollutant
Thermal Inversions: occur due to a lack of air movement when a layer of dense, cool air is trapped underneath a layer of dense, warm air
Pollution management strategies: include altering human activities to consume less. This will help decrease harmful emissions released into the environment
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