APES flashcards yayyy

mutualism

species A benefits species B

succession

the process of change in the species composition of an area over time, often progressing from pioneer species to a more stable climax community

commensalism

species A benefits but species B is unaffected

parasitism

species A benefits, species B is harmed

recourse partitioning

using one recourse multiple ways for different species

food web

model that depicts the flow of energy and nutrients in two or more chains

positive and negative feedback loops

both can play a role in food webs. when one species is removed or added to a web, the whole thing can be affected

tropic feeding levels

1. quaternary consumer

2. tertiary consumer

3. secondary consumer

4. primary consumer

5. producer

primary productivity

the rate where solar energy (sunlight) is converted into organic compounds via photosynthesis

gross primary productivity (GPP)

total rate of photosynthesis

net primary productivity (NPP)

rate of energy storage by photo-synthesizers (after subtracting energy lost from respiration) (GPP-Respiration)

10% rule

only 10% of every is moved onto the next in a food web

carbon cycle

movement of molecules containing carbon through the atmosphere, living things, ocean, and land

Why is CO2 (carbon dioxide) bad for the atmosphere

it is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere leading to global warming and climate change

nitrogen cycle

biochemical process where nitrogen is converted into many forms going from the atmosphere into the soil to an organism back into the atmosphere

phosphorus cycle

movement of phosphorus through the biosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere. it’s recycles between organic and inorganic sources

taiga

big forest, largest biome, long winters short summers, snowy mountains and big pine trees, northern hemisphere, THINK canada forests

temperate rainforest

high rainfall, moderate temperatures, middle latitude, THINK jumanji 2017

temperate deciduous forests

all 4 seasons in forest, where we are and west europe,

tropical rainforest

dense, warm, high rainfall, near equator, THINK rio

shrubland

ecosystem dominated by shrubs and grasses, africa,

temperate grasslands

diverse soils, dominated by grasses, few trees, warm summers cold winters moderate rain,

savanna

grasslands, warm climates, scattered trees, THINK lion king

desert

land area with low precipitation and sparse vegetation, sandy, middle latitude, THINK aladdin

tundra

cold, treeless, permafrost, arctic regions and high mountain tops, THINK happy feet

freshwater biomes

streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes

marine biomes

oceans, coral reefs, marshland, estuaries

ocean acidification

ongoing decrease in pH of the Earths oceans; caused by uptake of carbon dioxide from atmosphere

biodiversity

ecosystem that includes genetic, species, and habitat diversity

specialist species

organisms that have evolved to fit a specific niche and can only thrive in narrow range of environmental conditions

generalist species

organism that can survive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can utilize a broad range of resources

species richness

the number of different species found in an ecosystem

k-selected

large, FEW OFFSPRING LONG LIFE EXPECTANCY, humans, type I

r selected

small, MANY OFFSPRING SHORT LIFE SPAN, type III, insects

biotic potential

maximum reproductive rate of a population under ideal conditions

ecological tolerance

range of conditions (temperature, sunlight, salinity) an organism can take before injury or death

anthropogenic

originating in human activity

emigration

leave one’s country to permanently live in another

immigration

to come to a country where one is not native to

succession

gradual change of species diversity due to a disturbance

primary succession

soil is already created so succession can happen sooner

secondary succession

soil is made by mosses so succession takes a long time

keystone species

species in an ecosystem who’s activities have a significant role in the ecosystem

indicated species

species that indicates a certain quality of the ecosystem

pioneer species

first species to move into an unoccupied habitat during succession

carrying capacity

maximum population an area can sustain determined by limiting factors

total fertility rate

average number of children a woman has effected by education opportunities and access to family planning

the demographic transition

STAGE ONE(pre-modern): high birth rate high death rate, STEADY

STAGE TWO(industrialization): high birth rate low death rate, SHOOTS UP

STAGE THREE(mature industrial):low birth rate low death rate, STEADY

STAGE FOUR(post industrial): very low birth and death rate, STEADY

rule of 70

how long it takes for population to double

70/annual growth rate

population growth rate

crude birth rate - crude death rate /10

convergent plates

the plates go towards eachother

• subduction(one plate UNDER the other)

• mountain formation

• volcanoes

divergent plates

plates going opposite ways

• sea floor spread

transform plates

plates going opposite ways

soil layers

O horizon

A horizon

E horizon

B horizon

C horizon

R horizon

causes of erosion

• deforestation(roots hold soil together)

• tilling(turning soil, exposes soil to weathering)

• pesticides(can kill microorganisms)

• fertilizer(change chemistry of soil)

• overgrazing🐮(shorter grass=shorter roots)

low permeability

high water holding capacity (clay)

high permeability

low water holding capacity (sand)

layers of atmosphere

exosphere

thermosphere

mesosphere

stratosphere

troposphere

ETMST every turtle meets stinking todd

watershed

place where water runs off to

el niño

warming of ocean surface in central eastern tropical pacific ocean (to south america from australia)

la niña

climate pattern where cold surface water develops in south america while the warmer surface water travels to australia

tragedy of the commons

individuals using a shared resource in their own self-interest rather than keeping with common good, leading to a depletion of the source

tilling

turning the soil and breaking it up

bad bc: soil erosion, release of carbon from soil(greenhouse gas)

slash and burn farming

vegetation is cut down and burned to clear land for cultivation

irrigation

watering land

bad bc: water logging and soil quality decreased

free range grazing/CAFOs

farming practice where livestock are allowed to freely roam

over fishing leads to..

scarcity of some fish species, lessening biodiversity,

contour plowing

agriculture practice where planting is done following natural contour of the land

windbreaks

trees planting to block strong winds from shrubs and crops

terracing

planting crops in a series of level platforms on a sloping land

• helps with soil erosion, less land needed, retain water in soil

no-till agriculture

leaving crop residue and planting directly into soil with tools

• reduced erosion, improved soil health

limestone

balances acidic soils, improving soil bacteria and plant health

prescribed burn

controlled fire set in forest to burn off flammable vegetation

cogeneration

when a fuel source is used to generate both heat and electricity

hydraulic fracturing(fracking)

a process used to extract oil and natural gas from deep rock formations

• cracks in and below Earth's surface are opened and widened by injecting water, chemicals, and sand at high pressure

biomass

burning things like wood, crops, garbage, alcohol fuels produces heat for energy

geothermal energy

heat from the earths interior

wind turbines

using the kinetic energy of moving air to spins turbine, which converts mechanical energy into electricity

clean energy conversion methods

battery electric vehicles, public transportation, green building designs

carbon MONoxide

indoor air pollutant

indoor air pollutant sources

radon, mold, dust

radon 222

naturally occurring radioactive gas produced by decay of uranium found in some rocks and soils

VOCs

harmful chemicals that are quickly vaporized at room temperature

coal combustion releases

carbon DIoxide, sulfur dioxide, toxic heavy metals, particulates

combustion of fossil fuels releases ___ which is bad because ___

nitrogen oxides

they lead to a production of ozone

Clean Air Act

US’s primary law for controlling and reducing air pollution

Acid rain is due to

nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides(mainly from transportation) reacting with water

photochemical smog

nitrogen oxides and VOCs reacting with heat and sunlight to produce pollutants

air pollution solutions

conservation practices, alternative fuels, catalytic converter, scrubbers

depletion of the stratospheric layer

caused by CFCs

• bad bc strat layer protests us from harmful UV

eutrophication

body of water becomes overly enriched with nutrients leading to excessive plant and algae growth

• this can deplete oxygen and harm aquatic life

oxygen sag curve

plot of dissolved oxygen vs the distance from source

LD50

the lethal dose of a chemical that kills 50% of a population

principal greenhouse gases

carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide, CFCs

permafrost

ground that remains frozen for two or more consecutive years

habitat corridors

strips of land that connect habitats

thermal inversion

COOL AIR

warm air-inversion layer

COOLER AIR

• pollution gets trapped between cool air

urban sprawl

lots of people moving from cities to suburbs

bad bc: more cars, less natural areas, $ spent on expanding

aquifer

underground layer of sediment that hold and transmits groundwater