Energy Production and Bioenergetics Overview

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from chapters on bioenergetics, metabolism, energy substrates, and ATP production relevant for understanding energy dynamics in biological systems.

Bioenergetics

The study of chemical pathways that convert substrates to energy within biological organisms.

Metabolism

The process of converting food or drink into energy via chemical reactions.

Energy substrates

Basic fuels like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins used to produce ATP.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

The primary energy currency of the cell, used for various cellular functions.

Kilocalorie (kcal)

A unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories; often used in food labeling.

Glycogen

The stored form of glucose in muscles and liver, used to generate ATP.

Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, yielding ATP.

Phosphocreatine System

An energy system that rapidly replenishes ATP during high-intensity, short-duration exercise.

Rate limiting enzyme

An enzyme that controls the overall reaction rate in a metabolic pathway.

Negative feedback

A process whereby the accumulation of end products inhibits further enzyme activity to ensure efficient energy use.

Gluconeogenesis

The metabolic process of creating glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates, such as proteins.

Lipogenesis

The metabolic process of converting carbohydrates and proteins into fatty acids.

Anaerobic metabolism

Energy production that occurs in the absence of oxygen.

Oxidative phosphorylation

An aerobic process that generates ATP through the electron transport chain in the presence of oxygen.

Caloric deficit

The state of consuming fewer calories than the body expends, leading to weight loss.

Substrate availability

The presence and concentration of nutrients needed to facilitate metabolic pathways.

Enzyme activity

The rate at which enzymes catalyze reactions, influencing metabolism and energy production.

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