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Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation that arises from internal factors, leading to behaviors performed for personal satisfaction.
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation that arises from external factors or rewards, leading to behaviors performed to receive something from others.
Overjustification Effect
The phenomenon where intrinsic motivation is diminished due to the introduction of extrinsic rewards.
Self-Efficacy
An individual’s belief in their own capability to complete a task, influencing their motivation and goal-setting.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
A model displaying the spectrum of human motives from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.
Drive Reduction Theory
The theory stating that physiological needs create psychological drive states that motivate behavior to reduce the need and return to homeostasis.
Optimal Arousal Theory
The theory that there is an optimal level of arousal for performance, which varies depending on the task's complexity.
The Yerkes-Dodson Law
The principle stating that performance improves with increased arousal only up to a point, after which performance declines.
Cognitive-Mediational Theory
A theory asserting that emotions are determined by our appraisal of a stimulus, mediating the emotional response.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
The theory that emotions arise from physiological arousal, suggesting that we feel fear because we tremble.
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
The theory that emotional experience and physiological arousal occur simultaneously but independently.
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory
A theory proposing that emotions are based on physiological arousal and a cognitive label that situates that arousal.
Emotional Expression
The way an individual displays an emotion, encompassing both verbal and nonverbal behaviors.
Cultural Display Rules
Culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable in certain contexts.
Gender Dysphoria
A condition where individuals experience significant distress due to a mismatch between their experienced gender and sex assigned at birth.
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining a body weight well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise.
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like purging.
Binge Eating Disorder
A type of eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of binge eating without compensatory behaviors.
Prader-Willi Syndrome
A genetic disorder that leads to intense hunger, reduced metabolism, and often results in obesity.
Homeostasis
The tendency to maintain stable internal conditions in the body, crucial in physiological regulation.
Leptin
A hormone released by fat cells that helps to regulate hunger and satiety.
Metabolic Rate
The amount of energy expended in a given period, influencing body weight and energy balance.
Polygraph Test
A lie detector test that measures physiological arousal responses during questioning.
Satiation
The feeling of fullness and satisfaction that stops eating behavior.
Resolution Phase
The phase following orgasm in the sexual response cycle during which the body returns to its unaroused state.
Refractory Period
The time immediately following orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm.
Sexual Orientation
An individual's emotional, romantic, and erotic attraction to others, which can be complex and varied.
Gender Identity
An individual's personal sense of their gender, which may or may not align with their sex assigned at birth.
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