Define intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Explore theories of motivation: instincts, drive reduction, self-efficacy, and social motives
Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Motivation refers to the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.
Types of motivation:
Intrinsic Motivation: Arises from internal factors; driven by personal satisfaction.
Extrinsic Motivation: Arises from external factors; driven by rewards or pressures from others.
Students may seek education for intrinsic reasons (love of learning) or extrinsic reasons (job security).
The mix of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations can shift over time.
Engaging in activities for extrinsic rewards can diminish intrinsic motivation.
Example: Odessa loved baking but lost motivation when it became her job.
Verbal praise can enhance intrinsic motivation compared to tangible rewards (like money).
The expectation of rewards can reduce intrinsic motivation.
Cultural Influence: Collectivistic cultures often prioritize group over individual satisfaction.
Intrinsic motivation improves in environments that encourage belonging and collaboration (e.g., open discussions).
Case Study: Students in a supportive classroom may feel more intrinsically motivated compared to those in a high-pressure setting.
Proposed by William James, suggesting that behaviors are driven by instincts (innate patterns aiding survival).
Homeostasis is crucial; physiological needs create psychological drive states (e.g., hunger triggering eating).
Habits develop from repeated behaviors that satisfy needs.
Optimal arousal levels influence motivation.
Low arousal leads to boredom; high arousal causes stress.
Yerkes-Dodson Law: Optimal performance at moderate arousal levels.
Self-efficacy: Belief in one's abilities motivates behavior; affects goal setting and persistence.
Social Motives:
Needs for achievement, affiliation, and intimacy.
Achievements can be classified into various social needs categories by theorists such as Henry Murray.
Needs arranged in a pyramid:
Physiological Needs (base, for survival)
Safety Needs
Love/Belonging Needs
Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization (top, realization of potential)
Lower needs must be satisfied before addressing higher needs.
Describe regulation of hunger and eating
Differentiation between overweight and obesity
Explain health consequences linked to eating disorders
Empty stomach contracts, signaling hunger.
Blood glucose levels affect hunger signals sent by pancreas and liver.
Satiation occurs when blood sugar rises, and leptin (satiety hormone) is released by fat cells.
Factors influencing weight: caloric intake vs. expenditure, metabolic rate, genetic predispositions.
Set-point theory: Individuals resist deviating from a genetically predetermined ideal body weight.
Defined as weighing more than healthy for height; associated with increased health risks (heart disease, diabetes, etc.)
Anorexia nervosa: starvation and/or excessive exercise to maintain low weight.
Bulimia nervosa: binge-eating followed by purging.
Binge eating disorder: recurrent binge-eating without compensatory behavior.
Understand biological mechanisms of sexual behavior
Appreciate Alfred Kinsey’s and Masters & Johnson’s research
Define sexual orientation and gender identity
Hypothalamus: pivotal in regulating sexual behavior.
Animal studies show sexual motivation distinct from the ability to engage in sexual activity.
Large-scale surveys revealing diversity in sexual behaviors; challenged societal assumptions about sexuality.
Phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution; documenting physiological responses.
Clarification between sexual orientation (attraction to others) and gender identity (self-perception of gender).
Explain major theories of emotion
Understand limbic structures' roles in emotion
Recognize the expression and recognition of emotion
James-Lange Theory: Emotions arise after physiological arousal.
Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotion and physiological response occur simultaneously.
Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: Emotion depends on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.
Composed of structures involved in emotional processing (hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus).
Cultural display rules influence how emotions are expressed.
Seven universal emotions correspond to distinct facial expressions.
Importance of recognizing and managing emotions to improve psychological health.
Anorexia nervosa: eating disorder with extreme weight loss.
Bulimia nervosa: binging followed by compensatory behavior.
Drive theory: physiological needs create psychological drives.
James-Lange theory: emotions arise from physiological responses.
Set-point theory: ideal body weight is genetically predisposed.