Creating a Welfare State

How many people did the 1911 Insurance scheme cover?

10% of the male popuation

Welfare provision was minimal in the interwar period, however it was enough to prevent what?

Turning to extremist parties e.g Russia in 1917, Germany in 1933

When/ What was the Unemployment Act?

1920 - long term solution to 1911 Act. ^ Nat insurance to cover 11.4mil workers 1921 and state funded dole (no means test)

How did the 1920s Unemployment Act fail?

• 2/3 of workers were eligible for it → drained funding

• Gov paying lots to avoid strike

When/What was the National Economy Act?

1931 - Means tests disqualified ‘short time’ workers meaning for some of those in short time work, unemployment made more sense than work. And Benefits lasted 6 months then reapply.

What/When was The Unemployment Act of the 1930s?

1934 - Reversed cuts in benefits for short term unemp. Made the Unemp Assistance Board

When/What was the Widows, Orphans and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act? How was it funded

1925 - 10 shillings a week for groups mentioned in the Act’s name

Funded by compulsory donations → not liked by lab

Why did infants mortality decr during the war?

Subsidised fuels and milk for mothers.

When did rationing begin? What was first rationed?

1940 - bacon, sugar, bread

What fraction of pop saw their living standard ^ during WW2?

1/3

When was the first evacuations? How many were evacuated?

1939 - 1.5 mil evacuated

What party was Beveridge part of?

Liberals

When was the Beveridge report? What 5 evils did Beveridge want to tackle in his report? What did he want it to be viewed as?

1942 - Want, Disease, Idleness, Ignorance, Squalor

To be viewed as a safety net of basic needs but for centralised state funded welfare

How was the Beveridge Report recieved?

Popular - all parties adopted it in some way after the war. Although did carry view that it was women’s job to ‘continue the human race’

What/When was the Family Allowances Act?

1945 - 25p a week per child (except the eldest) given straight to the mother

When/ what was the National Insurance Act?

1946

• 25p from all workers wages

• unemp and sickness Benefits to all workers

• state pension to all men 65+ and women 60+

  Focus on universality

What was the flaw of the 1946 National Insurance Act?

Rich and poor paid same amount → higher % from low income

When/What was the Industrial Injuries Act? Why did it come into place?

1946 - Compensation after workplace incidents

• 40s average of 2,500 workplace deaths a year

When/what was the National Assistance Act?

1948 - Welfare to those not covered by insurance

Macmillan wanted both private enterprise and social welfare from gov action. He advocates this in his book called …

The Middle Way

The NHS was viewed as the ‘J… … … C…’. Conservative Minister of Health M… wanted to make more hospitals.

‘Jewel in the Crown’

Ian Macloed

When did Rationing end?

1954

What was the budget deficit when Wilson came into government?

£800 mill - hidden by previous con chancellor Maudling

Why did the cost of Welfare become unpopular under the first Wilson Government?

• Wilson made promises to ^ welfare spending

• Advisor told him to cut welfare spending to save eco (after being left £800 mil deficit)

• Wilson refused so ^ taxes to support welfare → resentment

• 1966 social welfare ^ to 5% GDP

When/What was the conservative National Insurances Act of the 70s?

• 1970 - attendance allowance for those who needed long-term care

• Pension rights to 100,000 more people

• ^ child allowance for mothers

and more

Give 3 counter points of right-wing challenging radical Keith Joseph in the 70s.

• Individual Freedom - state limited individual freedom → no state intervention in welfare

• Taxes - State would just take ^ taxes → less freedom

• Efficiency - Private businesses are more efficient

• Inflation - welfare spending requires borrowing

• Dependency Culture

How did the 1976 IMF loan impact Welfare?

Gov got an IMF load of £4 bil - but to do that had to prove it could pay it back by making cuts of £2.5 bil.

How were attitudes changing to welfare spending in the 70?

Post war collectivist thinking changed to a more aspiration generation and to do this they would want less taxation → MT’s appeal

Why was there fear of hospitals and healthcare specifically in wc in 1918?

Link with Victorian poor laws and workhouses still prevelant

Name some medical advancements made in the interwar period

Lung and brain surgery, blood transfusions

What were the differing opinions on governments role in healthcare between the Fabian Society, Labour Party and the BMA?

• Fabian - State-planned, centralised healthcare

• Labour - Free healthcare

• BMA - regional healthcare but co-ordinated by gov

Why were untrained midwives used by the wc sometimes safer than the uc doctors?

Dr wanted to see as many patients as possible to get more £ → rushing procedures and spreading disease

When/What was the Tuberculosis Act? What effect did it have?

1921 - provisions of TB sanatoria compulsory for local authorities with TB being one of biggest killers

Cases of TB fell every year 1920-28

When/What was the Local Government Act? What was the impact of PAC’s?

1929 - Local authorities now had power

• could convert poor law hospitals in public ones

• responsibility for other areas e.g child welfare, venereal diseases

• Local authorities to set up PACs

PAC’s rejected 400,000 claims of means tests after 1931 crisis year

1930 what fraction of childhood deaths were from diptheria?

1/3

What was Tredegar?

• Town of unemp and overcrowding

• Medical Aid scheme run by townspeople very successful. Used a poundage system to create profit towards dentistry, physiotherapy etc, creating free healthcare

• Birthplace of Bevan

Give evidence to support the idea of ‘Two Englands’ in 1930s. (PROMPT: what was the difference in infant mortality?)

Clyde, South Wales, North East, N Ireland

• Infant Mortality 11.4% in Jarrow

• 70% unemp in Jarrow (N. East)

• 1936 Rowntree - 1/3 in poverty in York

Midlands, London, South East

• Infant mortality 4.2% in home counties

• Mc smaller families → ^ disposable income → ^ car ownership (1 mil cars sold 1930)

What was the school medical inspection service?

Monitored health of poorest children with free treatment if needed. Rickets commonly found

What was Peckham? How many families joined after 2 years? What were its findings on women?

• Health centre focusing on preventative treatment with many leisure facilities and an annual health check up

• 650 families

• Women - ^ blood pressure, anaemia. Only 7% of women were truly healthy

By how much (%) higher were wc maternal mortality rates than mc?

50%

What was the Emergency Medical Service?

First example of gov intervention in healthcare. Pooling of resources and expertise to provide medical assistance during the war

When/What was the National Health Service Act?

1946 - Comprehensive healthcare to all, free at point of delivery funded by direct taxation

Why did BMA refuse the idea of NHS initially? What compromise did Bevan make?

BMA thought it would decr status of dr and ability to earn

Compromise - allowed to meet with private patients still, Regional health board appointed (not elected) → mostly uc/mc

How was the NHS initially tripartite?

Hospital service, Primary Care, Community Service

How did Macmillan continue development of NHS with 1962 Hospital Plan?

90 new hospitals, 134 hospitals modernised/redesigned

What was the pattern of NHS spending over the 60s and 70s?

Constantly and consistently rising (even during cons premierships)

The M… report of 19… showed inequality in NHS spending. It showed:

• …% of NHS funding spent of hospitals (not primary care)

• Funding was r… and most of the 1962 Hospital Plan funding went to L.. hospitals

The Merrison report of 1979 showed inequality in NHS spending. It showed:

• 70% of NHS funding spent of hospitals (not primary care)

• Funding was regional and most of the 1962 Hospital Plan funding went to London hospitals

What was the theory that suggested there was a disparity in healthcare between classes, whereby those that needed it most where getting the least help?

Inverse Care Law

What was ‘dandruff syndrome’?

The idea that people would go to the NHS for trivial issue → dependency culture (exactly what Bevan wanted to avoid).

What was the annual healthcare budget per head in wc areas vs mc areas?

£3.19 in wc area

£4.98 in mc area

How was the 1967 Abortion Act limited?

How many were done privately 1968-78?How much did it cost?

How many fatalities were there in the NHS 1968-78?

Needed 2 (often male) drs approval → abortions reflecting beliefs of the dr

1.5 mil done privately costing £200

86 fatalities on NHS

Argument that medicalisation of birth led to what?

How many women were given episiotomies?

Power given to the doctors not women

70-90% often without woman’s consent

Compare the Mental Health Act 1959 vs the Stigma that still prevaled

Mental Health Act:

• ‘Mentally Ill’ not ‘insane’

• open door policy in daycare centres not overnight stays in hospitals

• Drop-in care

Stigma

• ‘cruel and inhumane’ treatment at Ely Hospital → 25 enquiries into misconduct and abuse at psychiatric hospitals

How did the ‘pharmacological revolution’ impact NHS spending?

NHS spent 250% more on drugs in 1964 then 1951

What were 5 areas of advancement that → ^ NHS spending?

• Drug demands

• Advanced technology and staff needed for that

• Ageing population - 7mil → 9 mil at retirement age (1951-71)

• Major Surgery

• Contraception

Explain the Thalidomide Crisis

Medical advancement could go wrong:

• Drug developed in w. Germany for morning sickness →10,000 seriously deformed babies

• Hadn’t been effectively tested

• W Ger gov offered 320 mil DM compensation to victims

When/What was the Fisher Education Act?

1918

• ^ school leaving age 12→14

• centralises education - central gov paying 60% of costs→ ^ teacher salaries

The H… report recommended 1) p… and s… schools split at 11 and 2) overall school leaving age should be raised to …. This report never came into effect though due to …

The Hadow report recommended 1) primary and secondary schools split at 11 and 2) overall school leaving age should be raised to 15. This report never came into effect though due to costs.

Education domain of mc. In 1939 what % of wc kids 13+ were still in school?

13%

How were grammar school limiting to wc?

Required fees. Although scholarships were available for academics children, many wc kids probably wouldn’t qualify for them. 1914 0.06^ wc kid accessed scholarships

Some free places were available but even these weren’t accessible (travel, uniform etc)

When/What was the Butler Education Act

1944- ^ leaving age to 15

Proposed tripartite system

• Grammar Schools - to anyone who passed 11+ (especially in more wc areas to support academic route for wc kids)

• Secondary Modern - lower mc and wc,

• Technical Schools - to create technologically minded generation with modernising world

How did the Butler Act succeed? How did it fail?

Success:

• Millions of wc and girls now have free compulsory education (having been excluded from it)

• Enabled social change in 60s and 70s

Failure

• 11+ arguably worsened class division

• 75% to sec moderns

• 3% to tech schools and expensive to run.

What % of schools had been bombed in the Blitz?

20%

How did the baby boom effect the Butler Act?

Baby boom → need for ^ primary school → not enough funding to properly role out tripartite system effectively

When/where was the first comprehensive school opened?

1954 - Kidbrooke

What were the two major education reports in the late 50s/early 60s?

1959 - Crowther Report

1963 - Newsom Report

When/What was the Crowther report?

1959 - proposed ^ leaving age to 16 and developing post 16 edu e.g 6th-from colleges

When/What was the Newsom Report?

1963 - argued 50% of children had poor edu

What was the Circular 10/65? Who issued it?

The Labour Government’s attempt to end selective education with more comprehensives

Tony Crossland

Why was the 11+ accused of creating 2nd class citizens, leading to an ^ in comprehensives?

Grammar schools would teach O-levels and Sec moderns would teach CSEs (less valued → less chance for uni)

Comprehensives would offer both O-levels and CSEs

1970-74 the number of comps ^ from …%→ …%

Who oversaw this change?

30% → 62% (x2)

Margaret Thatcher (Edu Minister)

What was the outcome of 1976 Education Act?

Selection was still present but comps became the main form of schooling.

As a result of the P… report in 19…, ideas such as r… learning moved to c…-c… learning.

The report recommended:

• a ban on … …

• more freedom in classroom

• not l… students

As a result of the Plowden report in 1967, ideas such as rote learning moved to child-centred learning.

The report recommended:

• a ban on corporal punishment

• more freedom in classroom

• not lecturing students

Explain the case study of William Tyndale School

• removed all rules → children doing whatever they wanted

• parents withdrew their children

• teachers putting socialist beliefs above teaching

• → widespread concern over progressive edu

• William Tyndale was not the majority

What was the first major backlash to progressive education?

Black Papers 1969 - criticised decline in teacher authority (however didn’t want rote either)

What was the yellow book?

Result of report ordered by PM Callaghan showing decline in school discipline, school curricula not → productive roles in eco, gov and public had little say in goings on of schools

What element of Callaghan’s speach at Ruskin college → the National Curriculum in 1980s?

The debate over lack of gov control, centralised curriculum and methods of teaching.

Name 3 of the top public school?

• Eton

• Harrow

• Rugby

• Charter House

• Winchester

In 1979 what % of Oxbridge places went to public school students?

64%

TRUE OR FALSE: in 1918 unis were becoming more accessible to women and mc

TRUE

What was a common route (for wc) into uni?

Government-funded teacher-training grants - student agreeing to do a postgrad in teacher training and a period of teaching after their degree

In the interwar period the gov didn’t interfere with unis much. What fraction of the fees did financial aid cover?

1/3

When did university become central to government policies?

1945

When/What was the Percy Report?

1945

• classics should be challenged by ^ need for sciences in univeristy courses

• Unis ^ after ^ students from Butler Act

When/What was the Barlow Report?

1946 - ^ gov spending on unis and ^ courses for sciences

The Robbins report wanted to ^ number of uni by …x by 1980.

5x

Give examples of modern ‘plate-glass’ unis

• East Sussex

• Canterbury

When did both Labs and Cons agreee welfare state should pay for uni tuition and student grants

1970

When did the Open University begin? What did it provide?

1971 - distance learning from home, giving anyone a chance to get higher education. (Heath considered closing it but didn’t to prevent backlash)

How many unis and polytechnics were there by 1971?

53 unis, 30 polytechnics