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Abiotic Factors (non-living things that support life)
Minerals, Sun, soil, nutrients, plate tectonics, atmosphere, water
78% of breathable air is diatomic or gaseous ______________. This gets into the atmosphere through ________________ by bacteria. 21% of the atmosphere is _______________, generated by photosynthetic organisms. 1% of air is composed of other gases, ____________ ___________, water dioxide, and ______________ (CH4)
Nitrogen, decomposition, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Methane
The first layer of the atmosphere: __________________
troposphere
Second layer of atmosphere: ________________
Stratosphere
The Stratosphere contains the ______________ layer which absorbs UV light.
Ozone
Third layer of atmosphere: __________________
Mesosphere
Fourth layer of atmosphere: _____________________.
Thermosphere
The Thermosphere has very few molecules and very high temperatures. True or false?
True
_____________ heating of the earth creates the climate on Earth (_________________, weather).
Uneven, precipitation
Heat rises from the equator into the _________________. At 30* it sinks and then warms and then rises again, creating what is called a _______________ _______. This circulates heat from the tropics to the poles.
troposphere, convection cell
Radiation that comes from the sun: _____________ (heat), Ultraviolet (____________)
Infrared, Light
The _______________ Effect: Good thing, keeps Earth insulated. Think of the two soil cups (one covered, one not). The plastic wrap symbolizes Earth's _______________.
Greenhouse, atmosphere
________________: Human caused or human produced
Anthropogenic
Greenhouse Gases: ____________ _____________, water vaper, methane (_____)
Carbon dioxide, CH4
Chemical Composition: _________, ______________, ____________
Crust, Mantle, Core
Crust: made of ___________, silicon, _____________, and iron. These are ________________________ natural resources.
oxygen, aluminum, non-renewable
Mantle: Mainly ________________
Magnesium
Core: Mainly _____________
Iron
First layer of Earth: ____________________. Broken into pieces called _____________ ____________
Lithosphere, tectonic plates
Second layer of Earth: ____________________. Plastic layer that the tectonic plates float on like lilypads in water.
Asthenosphere
Third layer of earth: ________________
Mesosphere
Outer core: ____________ Layer
Liquid
Inner Core: __________ Layer
Solid
_______________ Boundaries: Two different plates crashing into each other. If they are of the ______ density-->mountains (Appalachian Mtns, Himalayan Mtns). If they are of different densities, the __________ plate subducts creating _______________ zones-->_____________, Large Earthquakes, Tsunamis, ____________ volcanoes. Land is recycled back into the ________________ (W. Coast of South America, East Coast of Japan)
Convergent, same, denser, subduction,trenches, explosive, magma
_________________ Boundary: Two plates moving away from each other, magma shoots up into crack (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Land is created by cooling __________-->Nonexplosive Volcanoes
Divergent, lava
________________ Boundary: Two plates sliding beside each other (San Andreas Fault, CA)-->Large ______________
Transform, earthquakes
_________________- Breaking into pieces of all sediments
Erosion-Transportation
Weathering, Erosion
Magma ___________-->Rock ______________ and ___________-->____________ Rock goes through metamorphism-->Metamorphic Rock melts to form magma
Solidifies, weathers, erodes, Sedimentary
Metamorphic to sedimentary: pushed up by ____________ _________ movement
tectonic plate movement
Weathering examples- Running water, ____________ Water, Roots/ burrowing animals, ____________
Freezing, Lichen
Igneous to Metamorphic: _________ back into mantle
subducted
____________________ Rock- Pressure and heat Ex: Marble, Slate
Metamorphic
_______________ Rocks: Brittle, Ex Limestone (used to make _______________)
Sedimentary, Concrete
______________ Rock: Hard rocks (used in buildings and foundations) Ex Granite
Igneous
___-____________: First layer of the soil. O stands for organic material, nicknamed ________ litter
O-Horizon, leaf
____-_______________: Second layer, Topsoil, Hummus. Topsoil contains _________________ like bacteria. Roots take up this space as well.
A-Horizon, decomposers
_____-________________: Process of leaching (nutrients being _____________ from topsoil away from roots by water)
E-Horizon, removed
______-________________: contains Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. Called the Layer of ____________________.
B-Horizon, Accumulation
_______-_______________: Partially weathered bedrock
C-Horizon
____-______________: Bedrock
R-Horizon
Texture: measure of _______________ component. % of _________, silt, and __________. __________>________>_________.
inorganic, sand, clay, sand, silt, clay
More clay-->less _____________-->run-off-->more ______________-->lost nutrients
infiltration, erosion
More _______--> more infiltration-->more leaching-->lost ____________
sand, nutrients
_________: Equal parts sand, silt, and clay
Loam
high soil pH- basic soil (add __________ to make it slightly acidic)
sulfur
low soil pH- acidic soil (add _____________ to bring pH back to neutral)
limestone
______________: Aids in healthy, green leaves
Nitrogen
__________________: Aids in root growth
Phosphorus
__________________: Aids in overall plant growth
Potassium
To increase P, add _____________
apatite
To increase N, P, K, add ____________, guano, or fertilizer
manure
______________: Free air space
Porosity
_________________: the rate/speed that water passes through
Permeability
____________ Fertilizer- Ex: Manure, Compost (Food Waste)
Organic
______________ Fertilizer- Ex: Liquid fertilizer, 10-10-10 (N P K content)
Synthetic
Organic Fertilizer Cons: Smelly, Time Consuming (because the process occurs using ______________), ____________ constraints
decomposers, space
Synthetic fertilizer cons: lots of ___________ to produce (fossil fuels), ___________ must be mined, ______________ into rivers and streams (nutrient pollution)
energy, minerals, runoff
Organic Fertilizer Pros: adding new ______, increasing nutrients and improving soil texture (increasing water _____________); ______________ material, micronutrients
soil, retention, recycled
Synthetic Fertilizer Pros: Easy, Cheap, _____________
Precise
*CO2 pulled from atmosphere-->trees through _______________
*CO2 pulled from atmosphere-->Limestone
*Tree dies-->_______________-->Soil-->Fossil Fuels
*________________-->Release of large amounts of CO2 into atmosphere
*Soil in ______________ decomposition (without oxygen)-->Methane (CH4)
*Living things expel CO2 through ______________
photosynthesis, decomposition, combustion, anaerobic, respiration
___________ _______: Holds Carbon for extended periods of time Ex Soil, Limestone, Fossil Fuels
Carbon Sink
1st Stage of Coal Formation: _____________ Material forms a thick layer on the surface (detritus). Forms _________
Biotic, peat
2nd Stage of Coal Formation: Underground peat forms ______________ leading to the removal of the water inside.
Lignite
3rd Stage of Coal Formation: Even further underground-->increase in ____________ and temperature. Lignite changes to be ________________ Coal. Has a high _________ content-->Acid Rain
pressure, Bituminous,Sulfur
4th Stage of Coal Formation: Folded rock layer (tells tectonic forces have occurred). Forms ____________, has a higher __________ content, burns cleaner (less Sulfur)
Anthracite, Carbon
We mine ______ to make steel, Limestone to make concrete, _____________ to make aluminum cans, Phosphate to make fertilizer, _________ to get Quartz for glass
Iron, Bouxite, Sand
Surface Mining (____________ top Removal) Pros: Cheap, _____ for workers
Mountain, Safe
Subsurface mining pros: more _______, less ______ disturbance (habitat loss), Less waste material
jobs, land
Surface mining cons: Few jobs, ______ land disturbance, flooding in _____________, erosion of ____________ metals into waterways, loss of __________________
high, valleys, heavy, biodiversity
Subsurface mining cons: _____________ working conditions (cave-ins, explosions, Black Lung Disease), More ____________, More time-consuming, _________________ (collapse of land), ________ mine drainage
dangerous, expensive, subsidence, acid
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act: requires buyers to ________ mine site (correct _____________ and replanting). Long process followed by 10 years of monitoring, expensive
restore, topography
_____________ Nitrogen-->Legumes with root-_________ filled with bacteria resulting in nitrogen _______________ (creating NH3 and NH4)--> NH3,NH4,NO2,No3 taken in by plants (________________). The process of turning Nitrogen into No2 and NO3 (__________________)-->Consumption by living thing leading to excretion and eventual death-->Bacteria turn into Nh3 and NH4 (__________________________)-->NO2,NO3,NH3,NH4 separated inside bacteria in a process called ___________________
-Car exhaust emits ______ leading to the creation of acid rain and smog
-Overfertilization: Bacteria take extra fertilizer, emitting ____________ ______________, a greenhouse gas
-Excess fertilizer-->run-off of N, P,K-->Dead Zone called nutrient pollution or ____________________
Gaseous, nodules, fixation, assimilation, nitrification, Ammonification, Denitrification, NOx, Nitrous Oxide, Eutrophication