APES Unit 1

Abiotic Factors (non-living things that support life)

Minerals, Sun, soil, nutrients, plate tectonics, atmosphere, water

78% of breathable air is diatomic or gaseous ______________. This gets into the atmosphere through ________________ by bacteria. 21% of the atmosphere is _______________, generated by photosynthetic organisms. 1% of air is composed of other gases, ____________ ___________, water dioxide, and ______________ (CH4)

Nitrogen, decomposition, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Methane

The first layer of the atmosphere: __________________

troposphere

Second layer of atmosphere: ________________

Stratosphere

The Stratosphere contains the ______________ layer which absorbs UV light.

Ozone

Third layer of atmosphere: __________________

Mesosphere

Fourth layer of atmosphere: _____________________.

Thermosphere

The Thermosphere has very few molecules and very high temperatures. True or false?

True

_____________ heating of the earth creates the climate on Earth (_________________, weather).

Uneven, precipitation

Heat rises from the equator into the _________________. At 30* it sinks and then warms and then rises again, creating what is called a _______________ _______. This circulates heat from the tropics to the poles.

troposphere, convection cell

Radiation that comes from the sun: _____________ (heat), Ultraviolet (____________)

Infrared, Light

The _______________ Effect: Good thing, keeps Earth insulated. Think of the two soil cups (one covered, one not). The plastic wrap symbolizes Earth's _______________.

Greenhouse, atmosphere

________________: Human caused or human produced

Anthropogenic

Greenhouse Gases: ____________ _____________, water vaper, methane (_____)

Carbon dioxide, CH4

Chemical Composition: _________, ______________, ____________

Crust, Mantle, Core

Crust: made of ___________, silicon, _____________, and iron. These are ________________________ natural resources.

oxygen, aluminum, non-renewable

Mantle: Mainly ________________

Magnesium

Core: Mainly _____________

Iron

First layer of Earth: ____________________. Broken into pieces called _____________ ____________

Lithosphere, tectonic plates

Second layer of Earth: ____________________. Plastic layer that the tectonic plates float on like lilypads in water.

Asthenosphere

Third layer of earth: ________________

Mesosphere

Outer core: ____________ Layer

Liquid

Inner Core: __________ Layer

Solid

_______________ Boundaries: Two different plates crashing into each other. If they are of the ______ density-->mountains (Appalachian Mtns, Himalayan Mtns). If they are of different densities, the __________ plate subducts creating _______________ zones-->_____________, Large Earthquakes, Tsunamis, ____________ volcanoes. Land is recycled back into the ________________ (W. Coast of South America, East Coast of Japan)

Convergent, same, denser, subduction,trenches, explosive, magma

_________________ Boundary: Two plates moving away from each other, magma shoots up into crack (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Land is created by cooling __________-->Nonexplosive Volcanoes

Divergent, lava

________________ Boundary: Two plates sliding beside each other (San Andreas Fault, CA)-->Large ______________

Transform, earthquakes

_________________- Breaking into pieces of all sediments

Erosion-Transportation

Weathering, Erosion

Magma ___________-->Rock ______________ and ___________-->____________ Rock goes through metamorphism-->Metamorphic Rock melts to form magma

Solidifies, weathers, erodes, Sedimentary

Metamorphic to sedimentary: pushed up by ____________ _________ movement

tectonic plate movement

Weathering examples- Running water, ____________ Water, Roots/ burrowing animals, ____________

Freezing, Lichen

Igneous to Metamorphic: _________ back into mantle

subducted

____________________ Rock- Pressure and heat Ex: Marble, Slate

Metamorphic

_______________ Rocks: Brittle, Ex Limestone (used to make _______________)

Sedimentary, Concrete

______________ Rock: Hard rocks (used in buildings and foundations) Ex Granite

Igneous

___-____________: First layer of the soil. O stands for organic material, nicknamed ________ litter

O-Horizon, leaf

____-_______________: Second layer, Topsoil, Hummus. Topsoil contains _________________ like bacteria. Roots take up this space as well.

A-Horizon, decomposers

_____-________________: Process of leaching (nutrients being _____________ from topsoil away from roots by water)

E-Horizon, removed

______-________________: contains Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. Called the Layer of ____________________.

B-Horizon, Accumulation

_______-_______________: Partially weathered bedrock

C-Horizon

____-______________: Bedrock

R-Horizon

Texture: measure of _______________ component. % of _________, silt, and __________. __________>________>_________.

inorganic, sand, clay, sand, silt, clay

More clay-->less _____________-->run-off-->more ______________-->lost nutrients

infiltration, erosion

More _______--> more infiltration-->more leaching-->lost ____________

sand, nutrients

_________: Equal parts sand, silt, and clay

Loam

high soil pH- basic soil (add __________ to make it slightly acidic)

sulfur

low soil pH- acidic soil (add _____________ to bring pH back to neutral)

limestone

______________: Aids in healthy, green leaves

Nitrogen

__________________: Aids in root growth

Phosphorus

__________________: Aids in overall plant growth

Potassium

To increase P, add _____________

apatite

To increase N, P, K, add ____________, guano, or fertilizer

manure

______________: Free air space

Porosity

_________________: the rate/speed that water passes through

Permeability

____________ Fertilizer- Ex: Manure, Compost (Food Waste)

Organic

______________ Fertilizer- Ex: Liquid fertilizer, 10-10-10 (N P K content)

Synthetic

Organic Fertilizer Cons: Smelly, Time Consuming (because the process occurs using ______________), ____________ constraints

decomposers, space

Synthetic fertilizer cons: lots of ___________ to produce (fossil fuels), ___________ must be mined, ______________ into rivers and streams (nutrient pollution)

energy, minerals, runoff

Organic Fertilizer Pros: adding new ______, increasing nutrients and improving soil texture (increasing water _____________); ______________ material, micronutrients

soil, retention, recycled

Synthetic Fertilizer Pros: Easy, Cheap, _____________

Precise

*CO2 pulled from atmosphere-->trees through _______________

*CO2 pulled from atmosphere-->Limestone

*Tree dies-->_______________-->Soil-->Fossil Fuels

*________________-->Release of large amounts of CO2 into atmosphere

*Soil in ______________ decomposition (without oxygen)-->Methane (CH4)

*Living things expel CO2 through ______________

photosynthesis, decomposition, combustion, anaerobic, respiration

___________ _______: Holds Carbon for extended periods of time Ex Soil, Limestone, Fossil Fuels

Carbon Sink

1st Stage of Coal Formation: _____________ Material forms a thick layer on the surface (detritus). Forms _________

Biotic, peat

2nd Stage of Coal Formation: Underground peat forms ______________ leading to the removal of the water inside.

Lignite

3rd Stage of Coal Formation: Even further underground-->increase in ____________ and temperature. Lignite changes to be ________________ Coal. Has a high _________ content-->Acid Rain

pressure, Bituminous,Sulfur

4th Stage of Coal Formation: Folded rock layer (tells tectonic forces have occurred). Forms ____________, has a higher __________ content, burns cleaner (less Sulfur)

Anthracite, Carbon

We mine ______ to make steel, Limestone to make concrete, _____________ to make aluminum cans, Phosphate to make fertilizer, _________ to get Quartz for glass

Iron, Bouxite, Sand

Surface Mining (____________ top Removal) Pros: Cheap, _____ for workers

Mountain, Safe

Subsurface mining pros: more _______, less ______ disturbance (habitat loss), Less waste material

jobs, land

Surface mining cons: Few jobs, ______ land disturbance, flooding in _____________, erosion of ____________ metals into waterways, loss of __________________

high, valleys, heavy, biodiversity

Subsurface mining cons: _____________ working conditions (cave-ins, explosions, Black Lung Disease), More ____________, More time-consuming, _________________ (collapse of land), ________ mine drainage

dangerous, expensive, subsidence, acid

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act: requires buyers to ________ mine site (correct _____________ and replanting). Long process followed by 10 years of monitoring, expensive

restore, topography

_____________ Nitrogen-->Legumes with root-_________ filled with bacteria resulting in nitrogen _______________ (creating NH3 and NH4)--> NH3,NH4,NO2,No3 taken in by plants (________________). The process of turning Nitrogen into No2 and NO3 (__________________)-->Consumption by living thing leading to excretion and eventual death-->Bacteria turn into Nh3 and NH4 (__________________________)-->NO2,NO3,NH3,NH4 separated inside bacteria in a process called ___________________

-Car exhaust emits ______ leading to the creation of acid rain and smog

-Overfertilization: Bacteria take extra fertilizer, emitting ____________ ______________, a greenhouse gas

-Excess fertilizer-->run-off of N, P,K-->Dead Zone called nutrient pollution or ____________________

Gaseous, nodules, fixation, assimilation, nitrification, Ammonification, Denitrification, NOx, Nitrous Oxide, Eutrophication